SOUTH AFRICA’S PREMIER EQUESTRIAN MAGAZINE
DIGITAL ISSUE 170A | 2025
Welcome to our Horse of the Year 2025 Special Edition!
After an incredible few days at HOY 2025 at Kyalami Park Club, we’re thrilled to bring you this special bumper issue dedicated to the remarkable breeds and showing classes of Horse of the Year.
In this edition, we celebrate the breeds of HOY, with a special focus on our proudly South African breeds, and take a closer look at the nuances of showing classes. We also tackle an important equine health topic—mud fever—an issue of concern to all equestrians but particularly those who own horses with feathered legs. Plus, don’t miss our feature on the benefits of hot clothing, a traditional grooming technique that we were reminded about by the turnout pros at HOY.
We hope you enjoy this packed issue and look forward to bringing you more in early April!
Lizzie and
the HQ team xxx
Dr Lizzie Harrison | Editor
Cover photography | Ashleigh K Photography
Designer | Mauray Wolff
DIGITAL ISSUE 170A | 2025
CONTENTS
BREEDS OF HOY
The Welsh Pony
BREEDS OF HOY
The Arab
BREEDS OF HOY
South African Boerperd
BREEDS OF HOY
The Appaloosa
BREEDS OF HOY
Miniature Horses
BREEDS OF HOY
The Nooitgedacht
BREEDS OF HOY
The Friesian
BREEDS OF HOY
Draught horses
BREEDS OF HOY
The SA Warmblood
BREEDS OF HOY
Thoroughbred
CORRECT SHOWING ATTIRE
What you need to know for the show ring
SHOWING 101
HQ chats to Tarryn Stebbing
HOT AND STEAMY
Understanding hot clothing
A MUDDY BUSINESS
Understanding and managing mud fever
BREEDS OF HOY
THE WELSH PONY
HISTORY OF THE BREED
Early history
Around 8000 BC, Britain was physically connected to both Ireland and mainland Europe, allowing the free migration of animals from Asia and Africa. It is believed that the Celtic pony travelled this route, eventually establishing itself in Wales, Ireland (Connemara), and the Hebrides (Shetland).
Bronze Age and Roman influence
Archaeological findings from the Bronze Age, including a significant collection of harness fragments and small bits (less than 7.5cm) in North Wales, suggest that ponies were used for harness work during this period. By the time of Julius Caesar’s conquest (55–54 BC), ponies were widely present in Wales. Caesar documented their speed and docility as chariot horses and their role as riding mounts.
Medieval mentions and the Crusades
The next notable mention of Welsh ponies appears in 1188 AD when reports described the Welsh hills as being ‘full of ponies.’ One theory suggests that the Welsh Pony and Cob’s final type was influenced by stallions brought back from the East by the Crusaders, though no firm evidence supports this.
The threat of extinction under Henry VIII
Welsh ponies regained prominence in 1535 when Henry VIII decreed that all horses under 13 hands high should be destroyed, as they were too small to carry knights in full armour and were consuming valuable grazing land. However, the mountainous terrain of Wales made it difficult to enforce this law, ultimately saving many ponies.
Survival of the ponies
The harsh climate and repeated persecution, both by Henry VIII and lowland farmers who drove ponies into the hills to protect grazing lands, contributed to the development of a hardy breed with strong bone structure, thick manes and tails, and ample feathering. Dark-coloured ponies, such as blacks, browns, and dark duns, proved the most resilient.
Population growth in the 19th century
By 1892, between 1000 and 1500 ponies were recorded on the Longmynd Hills. It is estimated that this number could be multiplied by ten to account for ponies in the Brecon Beacons, Denbigh Beacons, Eppynt, and Carmarthen. Once captured, many ponies were sold as pit ponies for mines. Others were in demand as harness ponies and children’s mounts for the nobility. Farmers also used them extensively for packing and shepherding.
The influence of Arabian and Thoroughbred bloodlines
During the 19th century, efforts were made to refine the appearance of robust hill ponies. Arab stallions were introduced into the herds, with one notable example being a grey Arabian stallion owned by Mr Williams of Aberpergwm. This stallion is believed to be an ancestor of Dyoll Moonlight, the dam of Dyoll Starlight, a stallion credited with introducing the grey coat colour to hill ponies. Another influential sire of this period was Merlin, a small Thoroughbred stallion released into a Welsh herd on the Ruabon Hills by Sir William Watkins Wynn.
Formation of the Welsh Pony and Cob Society
Since 1884, Welsh ponies could be recorded in the Hackney Stud Book and, from 1899, in the Polo Pony Stud Book. However, in 1901, the Welsh Pony and Cob Society was founded with 248 members, led by Lord Tredegar. The first volume of the Stud Book was published in 1902, listing 38 stallions and 571 mares.
Further Eastern influence
By the late 1920s, demand for quality children’s ponies grew, leading to the introduction of two stallions of Eastern descent into the Stud Book—Tan-y-Bwlch Berwyn (by the Barb stallion Sahara) and Craven Cyrus (by King Cyrus, a son of the Polish Arabian Skowronek). Many of their larger offspring were bred with Hackneys for harness ponies or Thoroughbreds and Arabians to create the now-popular partbred ponies. These stallions also played a significant role in the ancestry of influential Section A and Section B sires and dams.
Stud Book revisions and classification system.
The classification system for Sections A, B, C, and D was formalised in 1949, with the Welsh Partbred Register introduced in 1950.
In 1951, the Stud Book classification was revised, eliminating the previous practice of classifying ponies between 12 and 13.2 hands as either Section B or C based on type or owner preference. From then on, classification depended strictly on breeding: A × B = B, A × C = C, B × C = C/D (depending on height), B × D = C/D (depending on height), and C × D = C/D (depending on height).
THE INTRODUCTION OF WELSH PONIES TO SOUTH AFRICA
In 1948, Mrs Rosalie Lasbrey visited the UK to establish a small stud for breeding children's ponies in South Africa. While attending the Horse of the Year Show, she was particularly impressed by Tan-y-Bwylch Berwyn and decided to acquire in-foal Section A mares and a stallion. Her selections included five mares: Criban Dun Bee, Revel Black Style, Revel Silver Spray, Coed Coch Perten, and her most valued foundation mare, Criban Sara. She also secured the stallion Coed Coch Seryddwr, a son of Coed Coch Glyndwr and sire of the renowned Coed Coch Madog.
Further influence
In 1956, another significant import occurred when Ida Illingworth sought a stallion to improve children's ponies in South Africa. She acquired Valiant, a Section B stallion who had won his class at the Royal Welsh Show in 1955, defeating his esteemed sire, Criban Victor. This acquisition further enriched the Welsh Pony bloodlines in South Africa.
Other important imports included Mr Streicher’s Section A stallion, Coed Coch Nerog, and the Section B stallion Bannut Larkspur, brought in by Mrs Vale and Miss Illingworth.
The first Welsh Cobs in South Africa included Mrs Kinnersley-Browne’s Sinton Gilbert and Mrs Moore’s Section C stallion, Filkins Kernel. Over time, Mr Streicher expanded the Cob population with several Section D imports, such as Persie Nimrod and Parc Crusader.
FORMATION OF THE WELSH PONY SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA
On March 4, 1957, a meeting in Middelburg, Cape, led to the formation of the Welsh Pony Society of South Africa. Mr JB Grobbelaar was elected as the first Chairman, while Mrs CC Grobbelaar served as Secretary. Miss Ida Illingworth was officially recognised as the Society’s first member.
The Society held its inaugural AGM on September 5, 1957, with 11 registered members. By 1958, 50 purebred Welsh Ponies had been registered, along with 11 partbreds. At the AGM on March 7, 1960, Mr Grobbelaar announced the Society’s affiliation with the South African Studbook Association and the acceptance of its Constitution. By its tenth anniversary in 1967, membership had grown to 55, with 192 purebred and 214 partbred ponies recorded.
EVOLUTION OF THE SOCIETY AND STUD BOOK
OThe 21st AGM on April 3, 1978, marked a pivotal moment for the Society. The classification system was revised to align with the UK Welsh Pony and Cob Society, officially recognising Section D Cobs. This change prompted a rebranding of the organisation as The Welsh Pony and Cob Society of South Africa.
In 1982, the first volume of the South African Stud Book was published to coincide with the Society’s 25th anniversary. On September 12, 1987, a new constitution was adopted at a special meeting in Bloemfontein, coming into effect on January 1, 1988. This update coincided with the release of the first official edition of the Show Rules, further cementing the Welsh Pony’s presence in South Africa’s equestrian landscape.
THE BREED
According to the Stud Book classifications, the four ‘Sections’ are as follows:
Section A: The Welsh Mountain Pony (up to 12 hands high/1.22m)
Bred in the mountains of Wales and acknowledged universally as the most beautiful of the British native breeds, centuries of harsh environmental conditions have developed a pony with a sound constitution, iron hard limbs, great intelligence and the renowned Welsh temperament. They are the ideal child’s first pony but are equally at home in harness and, particularly in South Africa, have proven themselves to be highly competitive in the driving show ring.
The head of the Mountain Pony should be small, with neat pointed ears, big bold eyes and a wide forehead tapering to a small muzzle. Action must be straight, free, up and out in front with the hocks well flexed.
Section B: The Welsh Pony (up to 13.2 hands high/1.37m)
For generations these ponies were the hill farmer’s main means of transport, herding sheep and wild ponies over rough, mountainous country. They had to be hardy, balanced and fast to survive. These qualities combined with a natural jumping ability and their Welsh temperament make them the ideal all-round child’s pony.
The general description of the Welsh Mountain Pony can be applied to the Welsh Pony, but emphasis is placed on riding pony qualities whilst still retaining their hardiness and substance.
Section C: The Welsh Pony of Cob Type (up to 13.2 hands high/1.37m)
The Welsh Pony of Cob Type is the sturdier counterpart of the Welsh Pony containing a large percentage of Cob blood. They are natural jumpers and ideal dual purpose ponies for both riding and driving.
The description of the Welsh Cob also applies to the Welsh Pony of Cob Type.
FUN FACT
During the 15th century, horses of Cob type were also used as 'rounceys'. A rouncey is a cheaper warhorse used by squires, often accompanying the much more expensive warhorses known as 'destriers', into battle. Small-sized rouncey horses were preferred by mounted archers.
Section D: The Welsh Cob (over 13.2 hands high/1.37m)
The Welsh Cob has been described as the ‘best ride and drive animal in the world’. Their character exudes strength, hardiness and agility. They are competitive performers world-wide in all aspects of equestrian sport.
The head shows great quality and pony character with bold, prominent eyes and neat well-set ears. The body must be deep with strong limbs and an abundance of flat bone. Action must be straight, free and forceful. The knees should be bent and then the whole foreleg extended from the shoulder as far forward as possible at all pace
DID YOU KNOW?
Purebred Welsh Ponies and Cobs may be any colour except Piebald or Skewbald but this restriction does not apply to Partbred animals.
The Welsh Partbred (no height limits with a minimum of 25% Welsh blood)
In South Africa, the Welsh Partbred features strongly in all the equestrian disciplines. They inherit the beauty, constitution, good bone, courage, talent, and equable temperament of their Welsh ancestors, and demand exceeds supply, particularly as mounts for pony riders.
The conformation and good looks of the Welsh Partbred should match those of their Purebred counterparts even though the Welsh Breed characteristics are not a show-ring requirement.
PHOTOGRAPHS
Check out the photographs of the Welsh Ponies and Cobs in action at Horse of the Year 2025 over the next few pages.
BREEDS OF HOY
The Arab
Of all horse breeds, the Arabian is undoubtedly one of the most instantly recognisable. Praised for his speed, stamina, elegance, and, perhaps most significantly, his spirit, the breed is much loved all over the world. With its well-formed body and striking face, the Arab has been used extensively to improve almost every other horse breed. The Arabian is one of the oldest breeds, with its history tracing back to at least 2500-3000 BC.
DID YOU KNOW?
The unique appearance and exceptional beauty of the Arabian has long been recognised. In his famous book Newmarket and Arabia, Major RD Upton wrote in 1873 that “the formation of the Arab is so perfect, there is nothing to spare, no waste, his form is one essentially of utility, the space for the seat of the rider is sufficient, and at once fixes his true position, the weight is therefore carried on that part most adapted for it. The rest of his frame is taken up with the powers of progression. Nature, the unerring artist, has not made a mistake and man, with his improvements, has not had the opportunity of spoiling him.”
FEATURES
BREED STANDARD
- Height from 14.1 to 15.1 hands, with an occasional individual over or under this height.
- Fine coat in varying colours of bay, chestnut, grey and black.
- Dark skin, except under white markings.
- Comparatively small head. Profile of head should be straight or preferably slightly concave below the eyes with a relatively short distance between the eyes and the muzzle. The jowls should be deep.
- Large nostrils which should be extended when in action.
- Large, round, expressive, dark eyes set well apart (glass eyes shall be penalised in Breeding classes).
- Small ears (smaller in stallions than mares), thin and well-shaped, tips curved
slightly inward. - Long arched neck, set on high and running well back into moderately high withers.
- Long sloping shoulder well laid over with muscle.
- Well sprung ribs.
- Long, broad forearm and a short cannon bone with large sinew.
- Short back with broad, strong loins.
- Croup comparatively horizontal.
- Naturally high tail carriage.
- Viewed from the rear, the tail should be carried straight.
- Hips strong and round.
- Well-muscled thigh and gaskin
- Straight, sound, flat bone.
- Large joints, strong and well defined.
- Sloping pasterns of good length
- Round feet of proportionate size.
HISTORY
DESERT LIFE
Arabian horses first lived in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula, where there was little water or grazing available. As a result, they became almost totally reliant on the people living in the area for food and water. Therefore, it was crucial that they developed a good-natured temperament so that they could build relationships with the humans nearby. Today, these people are called Bedouin, and the Arabian horse still forms a large part of their storytelling rituals.
HISTORY
In about 786, Arab historian El Kelbi traced the breed back to approximately 3000 BC, to a mare named Baz and a stallion called Hoshaba. Baz is claimed to have been captured in Yemen by Bax, the great-great-grandson of Noah, tamer of the wild horses. While these and other, similar records remain unsubstantiated, they establish that the breed has undoubtedly been around for some time! What is known for certain, however, is that when the Moors invaded Spain and Portugal in the 8th Century, they brought desert horses with them. This led to the spread of the breed across the Western world.
ANCIENT BREED
Images of Arabian-type horses are found in artworks from several civilisations of the ancient world, including Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, and many parts of the Roman Empire.
WAR HORSE
The Arabian horse Marengo was a favourite of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon was a fan of grey Arabian horses and kept 150 of them at his stud to breed to serve as chargers in battle. Marengo was named after a key French victory at the Battle of Marengo in 1800. Napoleon was riding Marengo at his famous last battle at Waterloo in 1815.
INTERNATIONAL APPEAL
The Arabian’s dished face, expressive eyes and elegant movement have made this beautiful horse a favourite breed in many countries worldwide. Different types of Arabians have their own followers, some of whom value the horse most for his beauty, and others for his stamina and athletic prowess. Although they are found in many countries, the USA currently has the highest number of Arabians of any nation.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARABIANS
The Arabian has been used to improve almost every horse breed in the world, adding elegance, beauty, speed, stamina and intelligence. Here are examples of these breeds.
Key breed standards for Half-Arabian
and Anglo-Arabian horses:
Head: Should be attractive with expressive eyes that reflect good disposition and character.
Body: Well-defined withers, a strong back to comfortably carry and hold a saddle, and sloping shoulders.
Legs and feet: Sloping pasterns that allow for a free, light, and springy gait. Feet should be sound, strong, and well conformed.
Movement: True, straight forward action is essential. Winging or paddling movements are penalised.
Tail: Preferably carried high, reflecting the Arabian influence.
Half-Arabians and Anglo-Arabians can vary in size and may display characteristics from other breeds, making them diverse and adaptable for various equestrian activities.
ANGLO-ARAB
Breed name: Anglo-Arab
Other names: Anglo-Arabian
Breed purpose: Riding
Size: 15.2hh-16.3hh
Coat colour: All solid colours
Places of origin: England and France
Ancestors: Arabian and Thoroughbred
Perhaps the most well-known of the breeds mentioned here is the Anglo-Arab. France is one of the main breeders of the Anglo-Arab, which is a cross between the Thoroughbred and the Arabian. From the Anglo-Arab’s origins in England, the breed was refined at Pompadour in Limousin, the National Stud of France once favoured by French rulers.
Today the Anglo-Arab is similar in appearance to the Thoroughbred, but has a more solid frame and is generally taller than the average Arabian. Anglo-Arabs are supreme sporthorses. They are strong, powerful and athletic, allowing them to accelerate and make rapid changes of direction with enormous ease. This makes them perfect for equestrian sports such as showjumping and cross-country. They are also popular for Western disciplines.
SHAGYA ARAB
Breed name: Shagya Arab
Other names: Shagya Arabian
Breed purpose: Riding
Size: 15hh
Coat colour: Mainly grey, but also bay, chestnut and black
Places of origin: Hungary
Ancestors: Arabian, Thoroughbred and Spanish Horse
The Shagya Arab was originally bred in the 19th Century at Babolna as the riding horse of choice for the Hungarian cavalry. The breed was founded on the cream-coloured Arab stallion Shagya, who was born in Syria in 1830. The Shagya Arab is a fast and hardy horse. He is well suited for sporting events like dressage and eventing. He is a little bigger boned than purebred Arabians but retains the main Arab qualities.
SARDINIAN ANGLO-ARAB
Breed name: Sardinian Anglo-Arab
Other names: Sardinian
Breed purpose: Riding and racing
Size: 15.2hh
Coat colour: Chestnut, brown, black, grey and bay
Place of origin: Sardinia, Italy
Ancestors: Arabian
These horses were first bred on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, hence their name. Arabians were imported in 1908 and Thoroughbreds in the 1920s to improve the tough island breed. Sardinian Anglo-Arabs are now used for a variety of sporting events. The breed has great speed and stamina and very sturdy legs. Many of these horses take part in the Palio de Siena, a famous and highly controversial race, where teams from different parts of Siena, Italy, race around the city’s streets.
POLISH ARAB
Breed name: Polish Arab
Other names: None
Breed purpose: Riding and racing
Size: 14-15hh
Coat colour: Bay, black, chestnut or grey
Place of origin: Poland
Ancestors: Arabian
Pure Arabians have been bred in Poland since the 16th Century. World War 1 and World War 2 saw the breed almost decimated, with huge numbers killed in battle or taken to Russia. However, some dedicated breeders evacuated a few of the horses and this helped save the breed. After the wars, the Polish Arabs, who were mainly bred for racing, became particularly renowned for their quality. Polish-bred Arabians are still used for racing and breeding today and are traded around the world, often at high prices.
RUSSIAN-ARAB
Breed name: Russian Arab
Other names: None
Breed purpose: Riding
Size: 15.3-17hh
Coat colour: Various
Place of origin: Russia
Ancestors: Arabian
There were Arabian horses in Russia as far back as the 12th Century, and it is thought that the first Tsar of Russia, Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584), kept Arabians in the royal stables. In 1889, a Russian nobleman called Count Stroganov set up the Tersk Stud, which later became a state-controlled breeding farm.
GIDRAN ARAB
Breed name: Gidran Arab
Other names: None
Breed purpose: Carriage work and military
Size: 16-17hh
Coat colour: Mainly chestnut
Place of origin: Hungary
Ancestors: Arabian and Thoroughbred
This rare breed was created at Hungary’s oldest national stud Mezöhegyes, which was established in 1784 to breed military horses for the cavalry. The breed can be traced back to the chestnut Arabian stallion Siglavy Gidran, who was bought in Egypt by Baron Fechtig in 1816. The stallion’s son was taken to Mezöhegyes, and the Gidran Arab was developed. The breed is muscular and powerful, with great speed and agility. The Gidran Arab is well suited to competitive sports and excels particularly in showjumping. The larger of the breed are good carriage horses.
DID YOU KNOW?
The first purebred Arabian arrived in South Africa in 1891.
THE ARAB HORSE SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA (AHSSA)
The Arab Horse Society of South Africa is the breed society for the pure bred Arab, Anglo Arab, and part-bred Arab horses in South Africa.
The Arab Horse Society of South Africa, founded on 22 October 1960, was born out of a deep passion for the Arabian horse. Inspired by the elegance, grace, and endurance of this ancient breed, Mrs. Charmaine Grobbelaar, the Society’s first president, played a key role in establishing it after her own unforgettable encounter with an Arabian horse.
The AHSSA is a member of the World Arabian Horse Organisation and is affiliated with the SA Studbook. Since its founding, the Arab Horse Society has grown to become the largest breed society affiliated with the South African Stud Book.
Today, the AHSSA continues to preserve the heritage and legacy of the Arabian horse, ensuring that the breed thrives in South Africa.
BREEDS OF HOY
South African Boerperd
The SA Boerperd is a distinctive breed with deep historical roots in South Africa. Developed by the early settlers in South Africa, the Boerperd is a result of crossbreeding between various horse breeds, including the Arab, Khoikhoi horse, Hackneys, and later, the Andalusian and Thoroughbred. Originally, bred for their endurance, strength, and versatility, the Boerperd played a vital role in the exploration and settlement of the Southern African territories.
HISTORY
The breed can be traced back to 1652, when Jan van Riebeeck landed in Table Bay and imported Berber x Arabian horses from Java. In 1665, the risk of inbreeding was reduced when a ship carrying 14 Arabian horses was stranded en route from Java to Persia and the horses swam ashore and were caught by van Riebeeck's men. A century later, Andalusian horses were imported to strengthen the breed, and the introduction of 40 Thoroughbred stallions increased the size of the breed. During the 1800s, many other breeds were imported and introduced to the gene pool, such as Hackneys and Cleveland Bays, and the resulting breed, which had previously been referred to as the Cape Horse, became known as the Boerperd.
The breed's stamina was tested during the Second Anglo-Boer War, when local Boers, who had previously relied on their Boerperds for farming and transport, used these tough horses to resist the British army's advance. Many thousands of horses were lost during this period, and those that survived the harsh conditions were often shot by the British in an attempt to deny the Boers the advantage they conferred. Fortunately, a number of animals were hidden away in remote areas, and the breed was able to recover in the 1900s.
Over the years, the Boerperd has evolved into a well-defined breed with its own unique characteristics and traits.
BREED STANDARD
The SA Boerperd is typically characterised by its strong, muscular build, with a compact body that demonstrates both power and agility. Key features include:
Height: 14.2 to 15.3 hands
Weight: 400 to 500 kg
Coat: The breed has a variety of colours, including bay, brown, chestnut, and black, often with white markings.
Head: A well-proportioned head with a straight profile and large, expressive eyes.
Neck: Muscular and arched, connecting smoothly to the shoulders.
Legs: Strong and well-angled,
enabling swift movement and endurance.
The Boerperd is also known for its calm temperament, making it an ideal horse for novice as well as experienced riders.
VERSATILITY
One of the most remarkable qualities of the SA Boerperd is its versatility. Originally bred as a working horse, the Boerperd now excels in various equestrian disciplines, including dressage, jumping, western riding and even endurance.
The Boerperd has adapted well to different riding styles, performing successfully in competitions across South Africa and beyond.
THE BREED SOCIETY
The South African Boerperd Society, founded in 1990, promotes, develops, and maintains purebred Boerperds. The society plays a crucial role in implementing breed standards, conducting registrations, and organising events to showcase the breed's talent and versatility.
The society is also dedicated to preserving the genetic integrity of the Boerperd. It provides breeders with guidelines and resources to maintain the quality of their stock. Through education and support, the society encourages responsible breeding practices. It fosters a community of Boerperd enthusiasts, ensuring that the breed continues to thrive in South Africa and across the globe.
FINAL THOUGHTS
The SA Boerperd is an exceptional #proudlysouthafrican breed that reflects the rich history and cultural heritage of South Africa. Check out the pictures of the breed in action at Horse of the Year in the following pages.
BREEDS OF HOY
The Appaloosa
The HQ Team were blown away by the exquisite Appaloosas on display at Horse of the Year 2025. Here we give you the low down on this unique and versatile breed.
HISTORY
The Appaloosa is a breed with a storied past, tracing its roots to the Nez Perce people of North America. The Nez Perce people selectively developed the Appaloosa for its endurance, agility, and striking coat patterns. The breed’s name originates from the Palouse River region, where the Nez Perce lived and bred their horses. Unfortunately, the Appaloosa population was nearly wiped out during the late 19th century due to conflicts between the US government and the Nez Perce. However, dedicated breeders in the 20th century revived and formalised the breed, ensuring its survival and continued popularity.
EVOLUTION OF THE BREED
The original ‘old type’ Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse. The body style reflected a mix that started with the traditional Spanish horses already common on the plains of America before 1700. Then, 18th-century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the ‘pied’ horses popular in that period and shipped en masse to the Americas once the colour had become unfashionable in Europe. These horses were similar to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-Andalusian type of horse.
The ‘old type’ Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of Draft Horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when US Government policy forced the Native Americans to become farmers and provided them with Draft Horse mares to breed to existing stallions.
After the Appaloosa Horse Club was formed in 1938, a more modern type of horse was developed using American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that performed better in sprint racing and halter competitions. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old-type Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa foundation stallion Red Eagle. An infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added during the 1970s to produce horses that were even more suited for racing. Many current breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse mane and tails; therefore, modern Appaloosas have fuller manes and tails.
DISTINCTIVE MARKINGS AND COAT PATTERNS
The coat colour of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base colour with an overlaid spotting pattern, and it is this unique group of spotting patterns, collectively called the ‘leopard complex’, that most people associate with the breed. The base colours recognised by the Appaloosa Horse Club include bay, black, chestnut, palomino, buckskin, cremello or perlino, roan, grey, dun and grulla. Appaloosa markings have several pattern variations.
Predicting a grown Appaloosa's colour at birth is not always easy. Foals of any breed tend to be born with coats that darken when they shed their baby hair, and to complicate matters further, Appaloosa foals do not always show classic leopard complex characteristics. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life although some, such as the blanket and leopard patterns, tend to be stable. Horses with the varnish roan and snowflake patterns are especially prone to show very little colour pattern at birth, developing more visible spotting as they age.
NOTE
Solid Appaloosa horses are not to be confused with grey horses, which display a similar mottling called ‘fleabitten grey’. As they age, ‘fleabitten greys’ may develop pigmented speckles in addition to a white coat. However, ‘fleabitten gray’ is related to a different gene, and is unrelated to the leopard complex gene seen in the Appaloosa breed. Similarly, ‘dapple grey’ horses are also different from Appaloosa horses, in terms of coat colour genes and patterning.
The Appaloosa Horse Club also recognises the concept of a ‘solid’ horse, which has a base colour, "but no contrasting colour in the form of an Appaloosa coat pattern". Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin, and one other leopard complex characteristic.
Base colours are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category. These patterns are described as follows:
Spots: A horse that has white or dark spots over all or a portion of his body.
Blanket or snowcap: A solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base colour.
Blanket with spots: A white blanket which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same colour as the horse’s base colour.
Leopard: A white horse with dark spots that flow out over the entire body. This is considered an extension of the blanket to cover the whole body.
Few spot leopard: A mostly white horse with a bit of colour remaining around the flank, neck and head.
Snowflake: A horse with white spots and flecks on a dark body. Typically, the white spots increase in number and size as the horse ages.
Appaloosa roan, marble or varnish roan: A distinct version of the leopard complex. Intermixed dark and light hairs with lighter coloured areas on the forehead, jowls and frontal bones of the face, over the back, loin and hips. Darker areas may appear along the edges of the frontal bones of the face, and on the legs, stifle, above the eye, point of the hip and behind the elbow. The dark points over bony areas are called ‘varnish marks’, distinguishing this pattern from a traditional roan.
Mottled: A fewspot leopard that is completely white with only mottled skin showing.
Roan blanket or frost: Horses with roaning over the croup and hips. This blanket normally occurs over, but is not limited to, the hip area.
Roan blanket with spots: A horse with a roan blanket that has white and/or dark spots within the roan area.
COLOUR GENETICS
As one might expect, scientists are fascinated by Apploosa patterning and the genetics involved in creating it.
Any horse that shows Appaloosa core characteristics of coat pattern, mottled skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera, carries at least one allele of the dominant ‘leopard complex’ (LP) gene. The use of the word ‘complex’ is used to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present.
Not every Appaloosa exhibits visible coat spotting, but even apparently solid-coloured horses that carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit core characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia.
REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS
The Appaloosa is "a breed defined by Appaloosa Horse Club bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat pattern”. In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a desired colour, referred to as a ‘colour preference’. However, Appaloosas are not strictly a ‘colour breed’.
All ApHC-registered Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent must always be a regular registered Appaloosa.
The only exception to the bloodline requirements is for Appaloosa-coloured geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for ‘hardship registration’ for these non-breeding horses.
The ApHC does not accept horses with Draft, Pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, and requires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod, at least 14 hands (142cm).
If a horse has excessive white markings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a Pinto), it cannot be registered unless DNA testing verifies that both parents have ApHC registration.
The other characteristics used to determine if a horse receives ‘regular’ registration are striped hooves, white sclera visible when the eye is in a normal position, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. As the Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin mottling, this characteristic "...is a very basic and decisive indication of an Appaloosa."
Appaloosas born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least one other characteristic (white sclera or striped hooves), are registered with ‘regular’ papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse that meets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognised colour pattern and characteristics can still be registered with the ApHC as a ‘non-characteristic’ Appaloosa. These solid-coloured, ‘non-characteristic’ Appaloosas may not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing.
Outside of the coat patterns, the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) breed standard also focuses on:
Height and build: Ranging from 14 to 16 hands, Appaloosas have a balanced, athletic frame.
Conformation: Well-muscled with strong legs, sloping shoulders, and a deep chest.
Temperament: Intelligent, willing, and versatile, making them suitable for various disciplines.
Gait and movement: Smooth and efficient, excelling in endurance, trail riding, and performance sports.
DID YOU KNOW?
The modern Appaloosa breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the foundation bloodstock of the breed registry. However, it remains a partially open Stud Book allowing the addition of some Thoroughbred, American Quarter Horse and Arabian blood.
THE APPALOOSA HORSE CLUB (ApHC)
Located in Idaho, the ApHC is the principal body for the promotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed and is an international organisation. Affiliate Appaloosa organisations exist in South Africa, as well as many South American and European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Israel.
THE APPALOOSA IN SOUTH AFRICA
The Appaloosa has found a niche in South Africa, where it is valued for its hardiness and versatility. The breed is well-suited to local equestrian activities. The South African Appaloosa Horse Club (SAAHC) promotes and registers the breed, ensuring adherence to international breed standards. With dedicated breeders and enthusiasts, the Appaloosa continues to grow in popularity within the South African equestrian community.
BREEDS OF HOY
Miniature Horses
Whether you are a horse-lover or not, it’s impossible not to fall in love with Miniature Horses, and this week at HOY saw the Miniature classes get the biggest supporter turnout of all! Any Miniature Horse owner will surely admit that it’s not just the petite nature of these pint-sized equines that they love, but their characters and larger than life personalities too.
According to The British Miniature Horse Society, a Miniature Horse “should be a perfectly scaled down version of a quality riding horse […] and should have the same conformation and movement as would be desirable in its full sized counterpart. It is definitely not a dwarf or under-sized pony.”
HISTORY
Miniature Horses have a fascinating history that dates back to 17th-century Europe, where they were bred as pets for nobility. Over time, selective breeding refined their size while maintaining correct conformation and horse-like proportions.
However, from the 18th century onwards, their path took them from pets to working animals, and they were subjected to back-breaking hard work.
In 1838, a coal mine in Northern England flooded, drowning 26 children who were working in the dark depths. Within a few years, the British Parliament passed an act banning children under 10 years old, as well as women, from working underground. The industry needed to replace the tiny workers, and ‘Pit Ponies’ were perfect for the job.
Fondly known as ‘Pit Ponies’, these working horses were selectively bred to perform the gruelling long hours underground. Strong, sure-footed, hardy and intelligent, these ‘Pit Ponies’ are the forefathers of the Miniature Horses we know today. The ‘Pit Ponies’ were prized for their strength in comparison to size, as they could squeeze into low and narrow roadways to access the coal face and pull heavily laden carts back to the ‘flats’ (a slightly more open area underground), where larger ponies would take the coal to the surface. Training was rigorous, and only those who could adapt to a life underground were accepted.
According to the National Coal Mining Museum for England, these Miniature Horses were “trained in the following five areas: being harnessed; pulling a heavy weight; turning around in a small space; opening the ventilation doors with their heads and; responding to verbal commands. […] Short names were popular as the pony could respond quickly to a verbal command”.
Besides being physically strong and able to remain sound despite the conditions, these Miniature Horses had to be incredibly hardy mentally. They endured long days of very tough work in completely unnatural conditions, often suffering from respiratory ailments and loss of eyesight due to their work underground with little to no natural light. Despite the conditions, miners have reported that working alongside the horses and ponies underground made all the difference in their daily lives, with their quirky personalities and big hearts; a trait which surely kept the breed alive after the working horses and ponies were replaced by machinery and modern mining techniques.
Later, the breed was further developed in the United States, where careful breeding programmes solidified its characteristics. Today, Miniature Horses are found worldwide and are popular as companion animals, therapy horses, and show competitors.
BREED STANDARD AND CHARACTERISTICS
Miniature Horses must not exceed 86–97 cm in height, depending on the breed registry. They should exhibit correct conformation, with a balanced and proportional body, strong legs, and an elegant head. Their coat comes in all equine colours and patterns.
Despite their small size, Miniature Horses possess the same anatomical structure as full-sized horses and should not be confused with ponies. Their movement is graceful, and they have an intelligent and friendly expression.
One of the Miniature Horse’s most endearing qualities is its temperament. They are known for their affectionate, trainable, and social nature. Their intelligence makes them excellent candidates for therapy work, where they provide emotional support to individuals in hospitals, nursing homes, and schools.
WORKING HUNTERS:
Tweed or brown jackets (navy and black are permitted but NOT recommended).
Beige or fawn breeches.
Navy, black or brown helmet.
Gloves must be a conservative colour. Brown or tan gloves look good in the hunter classes.
Shirts must have a stiff collar that can accommodate a tie.Colours for shirts must be of a light pastel colour or cream and may be plain, discreetly checked or striped. White is permitted but not recommended.
Black or brown boots depending on the jacket.
Black or brown gators depending on boots and jackets. Gators are permitted, but I do not recommend them for pony riders.
A conservatively coloured tie.
Long hair to be tied back neatly in a plain bun with a hair net or in a plait.
A cane may be replaced with a crop.
Miniature Horses also excel in a variety of disciplines, including:
Driving: Many Miniature Horses are trained to pull small carts and participate in competitive driving events.
In-hand Showing: Their beauty and precision in movement make them ideal for halter and liberty classes.
Companion animals: Due to their manageable size and friendly nature, they are popular as family pets and companions.
DID YOU KNOW?
Miniature Horses make excellent ‘Guide-Horses’ as an alternative service animal to aid blind and/or disabled individuals. Due to their longer working life span, intelligence, and docile nature, Guide-Horses are becoming increasingly popular internationally. Guide Horses are treasured and trusted due to their focussed demeanour and excellent vision. Many older people have reported that a Guide-Horse is much easier to handle than a boisterous puppy! Combined with high stamina and a great memory, it comes as no surprise that these smart little horses have found new jobs in our modern world.
CARE AND MANAGEMENT
Although Miniature Horses require less space and feed than larger breeds, they still need proper care, including:
- A balanced diet based around forage that is appropriate for their size and activity level.
- Regular hoof care, dental care, and vaccinations.
- Adequate exercise to prevent obesity and maintain health.
- Companionship from conspecifics and plenty of turnout in the paddock.
MINIATURE HORSES IN SOUTH AFRICA
The Miniature Horse has a growing presence in South Africa. Devoted breeders ensure quality bloodlines and uphold international breed standards. The SA Miniature Horse Society oversees breeding, registration, and shows in the country.
BREEDS OF HOY
The Nooitgedacht
Even though the Nooitgedachter might not be as visually recognisable as the American Saddler, Arabian or Friesian, their non-visible traits are by far their greatest attributes. The Nooitgedachter is prized for his temperament, affection towards humans, hardiness, structural integrity, surefootedness, trainability, work ethic and absolute adaptation to the South African environment.
HISTORY
From its humble beginnings in the 1940s as the Basotho Pony Project to the esteemed breed it is today, the Nooitgedachter stands as a remarkable achievement in South African equine history.
Historically, the Nooitgedacht Breeders’ Society recognises four time periods that roughly coincide with the four genetic infusions into the breed: the Foundation Phase (1952-1964), the Consolidation Phase (1965-1975), the Expansion Phase (1975-1990), and the Modern Era (2000 onwards).
THE FOUNDATION PHASE (1952-1964)
The Foundation Phase saw the selection of suitable breeding stock, and details of this phase were recorded meticulously by the Department of Agriculture. This phase was critical in establishing the genetic basis and breed standard we still see today. As the project was state-run, top animal experts and vets made breeding decisions based on the scientific methodology of the day. However, the selection criteria were so stringent (only 1 in 4 of the horses bred made it to breed the next generation), that the already small genetic pool was confronted with the realities of inbreeding from very early on.
The original stock was bought from Jan Cloete, all of which were related to the stallion Punch. Later on, the breeding team acquired similar but unrelated stock from Mr Willemse, which can be seen as the first genetic infusion.
Although the numbers were still low, creative breeding strategies maximised the potential of this initial stock, paving the way for the next phase.
THE CONSOLIDATION PHASE (1965-1975)
The Consolidation Phase saw the birth of eight daughter studs. These studs were identified to increase the number and serve as reservoirs for the stud still at Nooitgedacht to source stock as needed.
Within three years of the first eight daughter studs becoming active, the stock multiplying became so successful that another four daughter studs were established.
Because of the rapid increase in numbers, the need to use genetic donors again became a reality, leading to the second infusion with Arabian stallion, Rommel, and Arabian x Boerperd stallion, Defence.
This second infusion ultimately resulted in slightly larger animals with more refinement without compromising the Nooitgedacter's prized attributes.
DID YOU KNOW?
The breed owes its name to the name of the Department of Agriculture
Experimental-Farm, Nooitgedacht, in the Ermelo region.
THE EXPANSION PHASE (1975-1999)
The Expansion Phase lasted until the end of the 90s and was a very successful time for the breed. Ponies were popular and fetched high prices. The improvements in the breed saw many Nooitgedachters making a name in the showing, dressage, eventing and showjumping disciplines. Many Nooitgedachters worked on farms in the week and went showing and eventing on the weekend. Nooities even made an impression on the endurance scene back when the tracks were slower and more technical.
The third infusion saw many attempts using different breeds. Today, almost none of the Quarter Horse or Hackney descendants remain, but the two studs that successfully bred Arabian and Warmblood donors up to SP level, as well as the SA Boerperd/A2 line attempt, had some representation. However, SA Studbook's analysis shows that less than 2% of this outside blood has stood the test of time.
Ultimately, in the 1990s, the Nooitgedacht Breeders once again became uneasy due to the ever-present threat of inbreeding. Recommendations were made to investigate the Spanish horse as a potential genetic donor that would not dilute any critical traits. However, the cost of importing a horse was just not feasible for the breeders at the time, and the idea was shelved.
BEWARE
Many falsely claim the breed when selling horses. To ensure you are getting what you paid for, it is handy to know the following: all Nooitgedachters will have a brand on their left shoulder depicting a line diagram of a Basotho hat. The brand indicates that the horse/pony has passed inspection and may breed the next generation of Nooitgedachters. Alternatively, the seller must provide proof of foal-book registry and DNA verification of parentage. If not, you are probably being taken for a ride
(pun intended).
THE MODERN ERA
The Modern Era, especially since the 2010s, marks a period of rising interest in the breed. However, the number of breeders is still relatively low and spread throughout southern Africa; thus, Nooitgedachter's demand outstrips its supply.
Many of the studs are currently being taken over by the younger generation, and because of the renewed interest in the breed, there has been substantial growth in recent times.
Finally, the vision of the breeders of the 1990s has been set in motion, and the results from the first Iberian stallions used look promising. The Iberian project as an infusion project is the brainchild of Braam Olivier, who acquired top Lusitano stallions (a Portuguese Iberian breed known for bullfighting) to breed to his Logan line-bred Nooitgedacht broodmare base. The other avenue for bringing in Iberian blood, using Candice Hobday's Calvero Esclavo FM (PRE Andalusian), was the more traditional up-grade breeding used by Maret Van Rensburg and the late Lizelle Smit. The first mentioned avenue will result in a higher percentage of donor genetic material but much more risk and cost to the breeder. The second avenue is a slower progression resulting in less risk to the breeder but a steadier impact on the population as a whole. Both options have their pros and cons, but the Nooitgedacht Constitution makes provision for both, and there is no risk of the breed losing its identity in either scenario.
BREED STANDARD
“The Nooitgedacht should first and foremost carry a golden thread of hardiness, toughness, bravery, ride- and train-ability, as well as a remarkably even-keeled temperament.
Nooitgedachts may range between 13.3hh and 16.2hh. There are definite pony and horse-sized variations within the breed. They should have great weight carrying capacity. Depending on conformation, a 14.1hh Nooitgedacht can carry a 70-80kg person without detriment to their soundness.
As with most working breeds, form must follow function, and certain conformation characteristics are not necessarily different from those of other working breeds. The horse should be well proportioned, with a sloping shoulder, a similarly sloping hip, and a short but well-muscled back. Nooitgedachts need to have a level or uphill appearance when seen in profile. A deep heart girth is preferred and indicates good lung capacity and stamina. A hindquarter that steps easily under the body and can fold to take the brunt of the rider’s weight is a very sought-after trait.
Legs must be clean, dry and straight. Short cannons and somewhat shorter pasterns are needed to handle rough terrain. Medium-sized hooves must be tough, hard and somewhat more upright (in line with the pastern angle), with a higher heel than in some other breeds. This enables a horse to navigate rocky terrain better and to stay sound over such terrain.
A somewhat higher neck set, than for instance in a Quarter Horse, is preferred, carrying a relatively small but noble head. Ears should be refined and alert. There should be ample space between large, expressive, soft eyes; giving the impression of a broad forehead but still running into a finer muzzle. Lips must be fine and dry. Jowls must not be overly big, causing a pinched look.
Flashy white markings are traditionally not preferred because pink skin is more prone to sunburn. Different shades of black, bay, chestnut, grey, palomino and buckskin (i.e., solid colours) can be registered. Because Nooitgedachts need to be able to survive outside 24/7, unpigmented skin is frowned upon somewhat. A horse carrying little to no white markings would have been the traditional ideal, but this has changed in recent years. Double dilutes, paints, LP-gene carriers, and blue-eyed horses are not permitted to be registered.
Everything about the Nooitgedacht should be functional, utilitarian, but elegant. The type of horse you know won’t break when needed to do farm work, but is still beautiful and versatile enough to show on weekends.” – The Nooitgedacht Breeders’ Society
MOVEMENT
“Movement should be economical, sure-footed, effortless and floating. Breeders that needed a work horse over tough terrain, found that a horse that knows how to use his body stays sound in such environments. The horse should find it effortless to climb mountainous terrain as well as extend their gait on the flat to make short change of long distances.
Because of their Basuto and Cape Horse ancestry, the Nooitgedacht may be gaited. Even though the rack and tripple are not a pre-requisite or seen these days so much in the show ring; the extra gaits come in handy when needing to cover great distances over rugged terrain. With the extra gaits a horse always has one hoof on the ground, making for a more stable and surefooted traveling experience.
The Nooitgedacht should find it easy to collect and extend in all gaits because of their balanced conformation. For this reason, they are also doing very well in dressage, western dressage, and showing.”– The Nooitgedacht Breeders’ Society.
THE BREED SOCIETY
The Nooitgedacht Breeders’ Society was proudly established in 1954 to assist the Department of Agriculture in its mandate of safeguarding and improving South Africa’s dwindling stock of hardy Basotho Ponies through a breeding project at the Nooitgedacht Research Station near Ermelo.
A supply of tough indigenous horses that are completely adapted and able to withstand South Africa’s diseases, climate, and tough terrain while also being flashy and athletic enough to hold their own in a show ring is a resource that must be protected for future generations.
After more than 70 years, the Society can be exceptionally proud of what it has achieved through scientific and selective breeding, dedication, and perseverance. The breed's future looks bright, with a core of dedicated breeders and newer breeders as well. The aim is not to overstock the market but to focus on top quality genetics and quality production of riding prospects.
FINAL THOUGHTS
The Nooitgedachter is one of South Africa’s truly indigenous horse breeds and is a testament to the dedication of a community of like-minded and passionate individuals who ensure the survival of these remarkable horses.
BREEDS OF HOY
The Friesian
The Friesian, with its striking black coat, feathered legs, and unique movement, is one of the most recognisable horse breeds in the world. Originating from the Netherlands and classified as a light draught horse, the Friesian has a rich history and continues to captivate horse lovers globally, including in South Africa, where its presence is steadily growing.
HISTORY
Originating in the Friesland region of the Netherlands, with a history dating back to the Middle Ages, the Friesian is one of the oldest horse breeds in Europe.
The breed was developed through the crossbreeding of local horses with Eastern horses, including the Barb and Andalusian.
Friesians were initially bred as warhorses, prized for their strength and agility. Throughout the Middle Ages, Friesians carried knights into battle, thanks to their ability to bear heavy armour while remaining light and quick on the battlefield. Over time, as warfare changed, the breed found new roles in agriculture, carriage driving, and eventually, in the show ring.
At least twice the breed has faced extinction due to shifts in the culture and demands of the time. Most recently, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, Friesians nearly faced extinction due to crossbreeding with lighter horse breeds for trotting races. However, dedicated breeders in the Netherlands have worked tirelessly to preserve the pure Friesian lines, leading to the establishment of the modern Friesian horse as we know it today.
DID YOU KNOW?
Sometimes, chestnut Friesians are born. This only happens when both parents are carriers of the recessive chestnut gene. While Chestnut Friesians are quite beautiful in their own right, they are not accepted by the breed registries.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Key physical attributes include:
- Height: Typically ranging from 15.2 to 17 hands high.
- Build: Compact, muscular, and well-proportioned with a strong hindquarter.
- Chest: Broad and deep.
- Head: Refined, with expressive eyes and small, alert ears. The Friesian head is often referred to as being of ‘Spanish-type’.
- Neck: Arched and powerful, giving the breed its regal posture.
- Mane, tail and feathering: Long, thick, and wavy hair.
- Coat: One of the defining features of the Friesian is its luxurious black coat. While the breed standard specifies a deep, glossy black colour, some Breed Societies globally accept Friesians with small white markings on their face or legs.
- Movement: Limbs are comparatively short and strong with a high-stepping knee action and energetic hindquarters. Friesians trot with extreme power and action – steps are high and long with a lot of ‘air time’. The walk is straight, forward and springy, while the canter is lively with a strong pushing power from the hindquarters.
TEMPERAMENT
Friesians are known for their calm, intelligent, and willing natures. They are typically friendly and eager to please, making them suitable for a variety of riders, from beginner to advanced
USES
Today, Friesians excel in multiple equestrian disciplines, including:
- Dressage: Their natural collection and elegant movement make them a standout in the dressage arena.
- Carriage Driving: A traditional role, where they are often seen in pairs or teams pulling carriages in shows and competitions. Their smooth gait, stamina and ability to pull heavy loads equip them ideally for this role.
- Pleasure riding: Their smooth gaits and willing nature make them excellent for hacks and outrides.
FRIESIANS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Friesians were imported to South Africa after the Anglo-Boer war in 1902 to improve the 'Flemish horse' (the Vlaamse Paard).
The breed in South Africa only became part of the international Friesian community many years later with the formation of ‘The Association of the Friesian Horse Studbook of Southern Africa’ (FPSSA) in 1989. The FPSSA is affiliated to the mother studbook in The Netherlands the ‘Koninklijke Vereniging Het Friesch Paarden Stamboek’ (KFPS) as well as the ‘World Friesian Horse Association’ (WFHO). Becoming part of the internationally recognised Friesian community has elevated South Africa to the next level as part of only a small group of countries with internationally recognised Friesian horses. Other countries include The Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Germany, Sweden, Finland, France, Switzerland, Austria, Great Britain, USA, Australia and New Zealand.
Long before the formation of the FPSSA, there was, however, a number of dedicated breeders that ensured the recognition of the Friesian as it is known all over the world today. In the beginning, Friesians were seen as beautiful black horses with exceptional movement suitable to improve local breeding stock like the Vlaamse Paard. Only many years later would people get to know the breed as we know it now.
The first big importers were the Smit family (Piketberg, Western Cape) that imported the well-known stallions Beake, Wessel, Doede and later Adel, Brun and Jildert. There have since been many big studs that have continued the good work to enlarge the Friesian gene pool in South Africa and for the first time in fifty years a Studbook stallion was imported in 2007 by Doorndraai Friesian Stud. Ritse 322 was soon followed by the next studbook stallion who was imported at the end of 2009 Tjalf 443 ‘Sport’, also belonging to Doorndraai Friesian Stud. Tjalf 443 ‘Sport’ was the first ever Studbook Stallion with a Studbook breeding permission as well as the Sport distinction to be imported to South Africa.
DID YOU KNOW?
Some popular crosses include Friesians crossed with Morgans (called Moriesians), with Andalusians (called Warlanders), with Saddlebreds (called Georgian Grand), with Tennessee Walkers (called Friewalker) as well as with Arabians, Paints, Thoroughbreds, Percherons, and Warmbloods.
Today, Friesians are seen frequently in the show ring. Friesians are particularly popular in dressage shows in South Africa, and for carriage driving.
BREEDS OF HOY
Draught horses
Draught horses are renowned for their immense strength, gentle temperaments, and historical significance in agriculture, transportation, and industry. While modern machinery has replaced much of their traditional work, these breeds still play vital roles in farming, forestry, and equestrian sports today. Here, we explore the four well-known draught horse breeds that featured at Horse of the Year 2025: the Gypsy Vanner, Clydesdale, Shire, and Percheron.
GYPSY VANNER
The Gypsy Vanner is a distinctive and eye-catching breed, originally developed by the Romani people of the United Kingdom to pull their ornate caravans. With its luxurious mane and tail, abundant feathering, and striking coat patterns, the breed is known for both beauty and versatility.
ORIGINS AND HISTORY
The Gypsy Vanner’s history dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries when Romani travellers sought to create the perfect horse for pulling their wagons. They selectively bred sturdy, compact horses with great endurance, strength, and a calm temperament. Breeds such as the Shire, Clydesdale, and Dales Pony played key roles in shaping the modern Gypsy Vanner. The breed remained largely unknown outside the Romani community until the 1990s, when it was introduced to the United States and gained recognition as a unique breed.
DID YOU KNOW?
Many draught breeds take longer to mature fully, often not reaching their full size until they are between five and seven years old.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Gypsy Vanners are small to medium-sized draught horses, typically standing between 13.2 and 15.2 hands high. They have a strong, compact build with a deep chest, broad back, and powerful hindquarters. Their most defining features include:
- Feathering: Thick, flowing hair on their lower legs.
- Luxurious mane and tail: Often long and flowing, sometimes even reaching the ground.
- Coat colours: Piebald (black and white) and skewbald (brown and white) are the most common coat colours, though solid colours and other variations also exist.
- Head shape: A refined, expressive face with a kind eye and often a slight convex profile.
DID YOU KNOW?
Draught horses can weigh between 700kg and 1000kg.
TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY
Gypsy Vanners are known for their incredibly gentle and friendly nature. They were bred to work closely with families and children, making them highly people-oriented and easy to train. Their intelligence, willingness to please, and calm demeanour make them suitable for various equestrian activities.
USES
Originally bred for pulling wagons, Gypsy Vanners have since proven to be versatile horses, excelling in:
- Driving: Both recreational and competitive carriage driving.
- Riding: Suitable for dressage, outrides, and even jumping.
- Therapy work: Their calm nature makes them excellent therapy and companion horses.
CLYDESDALE
The Clydesdale is one of the most iconic draught horse breeds, known for its impressive size, feathered legs, and regal presence. Originating from Scotland, this breed has played a vital role in agriculture, industry, and modern-day parades and promotional events.
ORIGINS AND HISTORY
The Clydesdale breed traces its roots back to the early 18th century in the Clyde River Valley of Scotland. Farmers in the region sought to develop a powerful yet agile workhorse, selectively breeding native stock with imported Flemish horses. Over time, the breed gained recognition for its strength, endurance, and distinctive appearance. By the 19th century, Clydesdales were widely used for heavy farm work, logging, and hauling loads in urban areas.
DID YOU KNOW?
Many draught breeds, like the Clydesdale and Shire, have long hair (feathering) on their lower legs, which helps protect them from mud and cold weather.
During the Industrial Revolution, Clydesdales became essential for transporting goods in cities and pulling heavy wagons. Today, while machinery has replaced them in many traditional roles, they remain popular in ceremonial events, carriage driving, and exhibitions.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Clydesdales are large, muscular horses, typically standing between 16 and 18 hands high, with some individuals exceeding this height. They have a well-defined head, broad chest, and powerful hindquarters. Their most recognisable features include:
- Feathering: Long, silky hair on the lower legs.
- Coat colours: Commonly bay with white markings, but also found in black, chestnut, and roan.
- Elegant movement: Despite their size, Clydesdales have a high-stepping, graceful gait.
TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY
Clydesdales are known for their gentle and friendly nature. They are intelligent, easy to handle, and eager to please, making them excellent for both working and companion roles. Their calm demeanour makes them suitable for riders and handlers of all experience levels.
USES
Although originally bred for agricultural labour, Clydesdales have adapted to various roles over the years, including:
- Promotional events: The Budweiser Clydesdales are among the most famous teams of these horses worldwide.
- Carriage driving: Frequently used in wedding and tourist carriages.
- Riding: Some Clydesdales are trained for pleasure riding and dressage.
- Logging and farming: Still employed in sustainable logging and traditional farming practices.
SHIRE
The Shire horse is one of the largest and most powerful draught breeds. Originating in England, this breed has a long history of agricultural and industrial use.
ORIGINS AND HISTORY
The Shire horse traces its lineage back to the medieval Great Horse, which was used to carry knights in heavy armour. As warfare evolved, these large horses transitioned into farm and industrial work, pulling heavy loads with ease. By the 18th and 19th centuries, Shires were instrumental in ploughing fields, transporting goods, and hauling brewery wagons. With the rise of mechanisation, their numbers declined, but dedicated breeders have worked to preserve this historic breed.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Shire horses are among the tallest and heaviest breeds, with stallions often exceeding 17 hands and weighing over 1000kg. Key characteristics include:
- Massive build: A broad chest, deep body, and powerful hindquarters.
- Feathering: Long, silky hair on the lower legs.
- Coat colours: Commonly black, bay, or grey, often with white markings on the face and legs.
TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY
Despite their size, Shires are renowned for their gentle and docile temperament. They are intelligent, willing, and easy to handle, and their calm nature has earned them the nickname ‘gentle giants.’
USES
While historically used for heavy farm work and transportation, modern Shires have found new roles, including:
- Breweries: Some breweries still use Shires to deliver beer in traditional style.
- Carriage driving: Popular for pulling wedding carriages and ceremonial wagons.
- Forestry: Used in sustainable logging where machinery is impractical.
- Riding: Some Shires are trained for dressage and outrides.
PERCHERON
Originating in France, the Percheron has been used for farming, transportation, and even military purposes. Today, it remains a popular choice for both work and recreation and is admired for its endurance and intelligence.
ORIGINS AND HISTORY
The Percheron breed originated in the Perche region of France and dates back to the Middle Ages. Initially bred as warhorses, Percherons were later refined into powerful but agile draught horses used for agriculture, hauling goods, and pulling carriages. Arabian bloodlines influenced the breed, contributing to its stamina and elegance. By the 19th and 20th centuries, Percherons were exported worldwide, becoming one of America's most popular draught horse breeds.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Percherons are large and muscular, standing between 15.1 and 19 hands high, with a well-balanced build. Their key characteristics include:
- Strong, compact body: Deep chest, broad back, and powerful hindquarters.
- Refined head: Compared to other draught breeds, Percherons have a more chiselled and expressive face.
- Coat colours: Usually black or grey, though bay and chestnut also occur.
- No feathering: Unlike Clydesdales or Shires, Percherons have clean legs without heavy feathering.
DID YOU KNOW?
Draught horses can often pull heavy loads that weigh several times their own body weight.
PERSONALITY AND TEMPERAMENT
Percherons are known for their intelligence, willingness to work, and even temperament. They are adaptable and thrive in various roles, whether in harness, under saddle, or as companions. Their calm and cooperative nature makes them easy to train and handle.
USES
Once essential for agricultural work, Percherons have adapted to modern roles, including:
- Carriage driving: Frequently used for pulling tourist carriages and ceremonial wagons.
- Riding: Many Percherons are trained for dressage and outrides.
- Forestry work: Still utilised in logging operations where machinery is impractical.
- Farm work: Used in sustainable farming and heritage farm demonstrations.
BREEDS OF HOY
The SA Warmblood
The South African Warmblood (SAW) is a relatively modern sport horse breed developed to excel in disciplines such as showjumping, dressage, and eventing.
HISTORY
The breed traces its origins to imported European Warmbloods—primarily from Germany, the Netherlands, and France—crossed with locally bred horses, particularly Thoroughbreds, to create a robust, athletic, and adaptable equine suited to South Africa’s climate and competition needs. The establishment of the South African Warmblood Horse Society (SAWHS) in 1989 played a crucial role in formalising the breed’s registry and standards.
Some of the founding studs involved in the development of the Society were Mossandi, Alzu, Cellehof and Hakahana. Later, Pohlands, Davenport and Brandenburg Studs joined.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
South African Warmbloods exhibit the classic traits of European Warmbloods, with a well-proportioned, muscular, and elegant build.
The breed is one of very few South African horse breeds that is government-gazetted. To attain this status, a database had to be set up for the recording of SA Warmbloods, and a set of breed standards, performance criteria and geno- and phenotypes that described the Warmblood had to be submitted and approved.
According to these standards, the ideal SA Warmblood should be a correct, powerful, yet refined horse that has presence. They can vary in type and size according to their discipline requirements (showjumping, eventing or dressage), but what they should all have in common is rideability, correct and flexible limbs, light energetic paces, and a stable temperament.
PERFORMANCE
The South African Warmblood has cemented its reputation in national and international competition, with several top riders choosing the breed for its athleticism and adaptability. South African-bred Warmbloods have competed successfully abroad, proving their quality against European-bred counterparts.
FAST FACT
Mares must reach 15.1hh (1.55m) and stallions 15.3hh (1.60m) to be an approved SA Warmblood but over 16hh is preferable.
THE ROLE OF THE SAWHS TODAY
The SAWHS is the governing body for Warmbloods in South Africa and falls under the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development. It is directly responsible to the Registrar of Livestock Improvement, which in a broad sense, means the Society has to ensure the identification and utilisation of genetically superior horses for breeding to improve the production and performance of horses in South Africa.
BREEDS OF HOY
Thoroughbred
The Thoroughbred is one of the most iconic horse breeds in the world, revered for its speed, agility, and endurance. The breed originated in England in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, when three foundation stallions—the Darley Arabian, the Godolphin Arabian, and the Byerley Turk—were imported and bred with native mares. This selective breeding program resulted in the modern Thoroughbred, a horse built for speed and stamina.
Over the centuries, Thoroughbreds have been chiefly bred for racing, making them the dominant breed in the sport worldwide. Today, they are found in almost every country with an equestrian industry, including South Africa, where Thoroughbred racing has a long and celebrated history.
BREED STANDARD
While Thoroughbreds are best known for their prowess on the racetrack, they are also judged in showing classes based on specific conformation standards. The ideal Thoroughbred should exhibit the following traits:
- Height: Typically between 15.2 and 17 hands.
- Build: A refined yet athletic build with a deep chest, sloping shoulders, and a long, well-angled pastern.
- Head: A lean, expressive head with large, intelligent eyes and well-set ears.
- Neck: Long and slightly arched, leading into well-defined withers.
- Back and hindquarters: A strong back with a muscular, sloping croup and powerful hindquarters.
- Legs and hooves: Clean, well-defined legs with strong tendons and well-formed hooves.
In the show ring, Thoroughbreds are commonly seen in hunter, jumper, and dressage classes. Retired racehorses are often retrained for these disciplines and can perform exceptionally well given their athleticism and willingness to learn.
USES OF THE BREED
While Thoroughbreds dominate the world of flat racing, their versatility extends far beyond the track. Many Thoroughbreds and retired racehorses transition into new careers as sporthorses, excelling in disciplines such as:
- Eventing: Their speed and stamina make them ideal for the cross-country phase.
- Showjumping: Agile and quick, Thoroughbreds can compete at high levels.
- Dressage: Though less common, they can develop the precision required for dressage.
- Pleasure riding and endurance: They are popular for outrides and can compete in endurance races.
- Polo: Some Thoroughbreds are suited for the fast-paced demands of polo.
- Breeding: Many Thoroughbreds contribute to sporthorse breeding programmes, particularly in the development of Warmbloods.
THE FUTURE OF THE BREED IN SOUTH AFRICA
Thoroughbreds are deeply embedded in South Africa’s equestrian culture, particularly in the racing industry. South Africa has produced internationally competitive racehorses, such as Horse Chestnut and Pocket Power, proving that the country is a force in Thoroughbred breeding and racing. The breeding industry continues to grow, with high-quality bloodlines being imported and local studs producing top-class athletes.
Beyond racing, initiatives like the Thoroughbred retraining programmes are gaining momentum, ensuring that retired racehorses find new careers in other equestrian disciplines. The growing popularity of eventing and showjumping in South Africa provides excellent opportunities for Thoroughbreds to showcase their adaptability.
With continued investment in breeding, training, and aftercare programmes, the Thoroughbred’s future in South Africa looks guaranteed, and if the performances at Horse of the Year were anything to go by they will continue to be a force to be reckoned with at the top of our sport for many years to come!
PHOTOGRAPHY: Tarryn Stebbing
Correct
showing
attire
What you need to know for the show ring
Many of us feel a little intimidated at the prospect of entering the showing ring, and one of the key causes of this is uncertainty about what we need to wear. Here, Tarryn Stebbing, National Candidate Judge, makes this worry a thing of the past with her summary of appropriate attire for each class. As Tarryn has stated previously in HQ, all horses can show, and now that you know what you need to wear, you have no excuse not to dive into the discipline of showing with your faithful steed.
SHOW HACKS AND SHOW PONIES:
Navy or black jacket.
Cream breeches.
Navy or black helmet.
Gloves must be a conservative colour.
Shirts must have a stiff collar that can accommodate a tie.
Colours for shirts must be of a light pastel colour or cream and may be plain, discreetly checked or striped. White is permitted but not recommended.Black boots only.
Black gators are permitted, but I do not recommend them for pony riders.
Try to match your tie with your horse's browband for a united look.
Cut-away jackets with a waistcoat that matches your tie can also look very smart.
Long hair must be tied back neatly in a bun with a hair net or in a plait. Hair bows should be kept for pony riders and young children only.
SHOW RIDING:
Navy, black, or tweed jackets. Preferably tweed.
Cream, fawn or beige breeches.
Navy, black or brown helmet (brown only to be worn if it matches a tweed jacket).
Gloves must be a conservative colour.
Shirts must have a stiff collar that can accommodate a tie.
Colours for shirts must be of a light pastel colour or cream and may be plain, checked or striped. White is permitted but not recommended.Black or brown boots. Brown boots must be paired with a tweed jacket.
Black or brown gators are permitted, but I do not recommend them for pony riders. Brown gators to be paired with brown boots and a brown jacket.
Try to match your tie with your horse's browband for a united look.
Long hair must be tied back neatly in a bun with a hair net or in a plait. Hair bows should be kept for pony riders and young children only.
SHOW HUNTERS:
Tweed jackets (navy, black and brown are permitted but NOT recommended).
Beige or fawn breeches.
Navy, black or brown helmet.
Gloves must be a conservative colour. Brown or tan gloves look good in the hunter classes.
Shirts must have a stiff collar that can accommodate a tie.Colours for shirts must be of a light pastel colour or cream and may be plain, discreetly checked or striped. White is permitted but not recommended.
Black or brown boots depending on the jacket.
Black or brown gators depending on boots and jackets. Gators are permitted, but I do not recommend them for pony riders.
A conservatively coloured tie.
Long hair must be tied back neatly in a plain bun with a hair net or in a plait.
WORKING HUNTERS:
Tweed or brown jackets (navy and black are permitted but NOT recommended).
Beige or fawn breeches.
Navy, black or brown helmet.
Gloves must be a conservative colour. Brown or tan gloves look good in the hunter classes.
Shirts must have a stiff collar that can accommodate a tie.Colours for shirts must be of a light pastel colour or cream and may be plain, discreetly checked or striped. White is permitted but not recommended.
Black or brown boots depending on the jacket.
Black or brown gators depending on boots and jackets. Gators are permitted, but I do not recommend them for pony riders.
A conservatively coloured tie.
Long hair to be tied back neatly in a plain bun with a hair net or in a plait.
A cane may be replaced with a crop.
WORKING RIDING:
Preferably tweed jackets, otherwise navy, black or brown.
Beige or fawn breeches.
Navy, black or brown helmet.
Gloves must be a conservative colour. Brown or tan gloves look good in the hunter classes.
Shirts must have a stiff collar that can accommodate a tie.Colours for shirts must be of a light pastel colour or cream and may be plain, discreetly checked or striped. White is permitted but not recommended.
Black or brown boots depending on the jacket.
Black or brown gators depending on boots and jackets. Gators are permitted, but I do not recommend them for pony riders.
A conservatively coloured tie.
Long hair to be tied back neatly in a plain bun with a hair net or in a plait.
A cane may be replaced with a crop.
IN-HAND CLASSES:
Wear an outfit that compliments your horse but allows the horse to be the star of the show!
If you do not present your horse in your riding attire, put an outfit together thoughtfully.Make sure the shoes you wear are closed and comfortable to run in.
Trousers should be a conservative colour, and for ladies, if you opt for a skirt, it must allow for movement when running.
Gloves are imperative, and a hat completes the look.
A cane can be carried in the in-hand classes too.
GENERAL RULES FOR ALL CLASSES:
Helmets must be properly fitted and fastened. All helmets must meet International Safety Standards.
Canes and crops must not exceed 75cm.
Spurs made of plastic are not allowed. In Lead-Rein and First Pony competitions, spurs may not be used. Pony Riders may only use blunt spurs with necks not exceeding 2cms. Adults' and Juniors' spur necks must not exceed 3cms in length. No spurs with moveable parts may be used.
Jewellery is not to be worn in showing classes. However, small discrete stud earrings may be accepted.
Excessive make-up is not advised.
A well-fitted jacket can be very flattering and really add to the overall picture. Make sure your jacket is neither too long nor too short. A good tailor can help adjust your jacket for a perfect fit.
Ensure that your shirt stays tucked in and that the collar points are neatly down under your jacket.
Wear nude or appropriately coloured underwear under your showing attire!
Showing 101
HQ chats to Tarryn Stebbing
Two years ago at Horse of the Year, the HQ Team realised we needed some help to get to grips with the Showing discipline. We enlisted the help of National Candidate Showing Judge Tarryn Stebbing to get an overview of the whats, wheres, hows and whys of Showing, and her insights were so good, we want to share them again.
Thank you, Tarryn!
HQ: So, Tarryn, to start us out, could you tell us a little about yourself and your background in showing?
Tarryn: Absolutely! I started showing as a Junior and have several great showing horses with whom I did well. My passion for showing has just grown and grown, and I’m now a National Candidate Showing Judge and Open Showing Rider. I’ve represented the Western Cape at the South African Championships, and I currently work across multiple yards where I have produced many show horses. I also compete in dressage, but showing is my first love.
HQ: Can you start at the beginning for us and talk us through the main showing classes?
Tarryn: Of course. The first thing to know is that our showing in South Africa is heavily based on the British Showing system and as such the classes have their origins in the British traditions.
In terms of classes, the best place to start is with the three ‘show’ classes: Show Hack, Show Riding and Show Hunter.
- Show Hack originated in Britain from the tradition of the gentleman of the aristocracy riding through the parks on beautiful horses to impress the ladies. The horses in this class tend to be a little smaller, have a lighter frame, a refined head, lighter bone and good movement. They make an easy and elegant ride. In the test, you will demonstrate walk, trot, a lengthen trot, canter, lengthen canter and a halt.
• Show Riding focuses a lot on the horse’s manners and schooling. The horse is quite similar to the Show Hack horse but with a little more bone, and a less-refined head is acceptable. In this class, you will demonstrate your horse's schooling, and a lot of the skill comes in playing to your horse’s strengths and highlighting these while minimising the attention on their faults. For example, if your horse has a poor walk, you will need to show some walk, but you could decide to only show three steps so as to spend more time highlighting a stronger gait.
- Show Hunter again has its origins in Britain and is built around the fact that many amateurs and non-riders used to go on a ‘hunt’ as a weekend activity. As these hunt riders were often inexperienced, the horses needed to be safe and have excellent manners so that literally anybody could sit on the horse and enjoy their ride. A good Show Hunter has solid bone and is comfortable to ride, well-mannered and ultimately safe. The other important element of this class is a good gallop, demonstrating that the horse can open his gait and flatten his frame. You want to see the horse sink towards the ground and really open up. After the gallop, the horse is halted in front of the judge to allow the judge to assess the soundness of breathing.
Next, we have the working classes: Working Riding and Working Hunter.
- Working Riding employs the use of ‘objects of a practical nature’ to demonstrate the obedience, temperament and rideability of the horse. This class derives from the need to work horses on the farm and jump little hedges, open gates and walk over bridges. Working Riding thus tests the horse’s ability to meet these challenges without getting spooky.
- Working Hunter involves jumping a course and a good gallop. Interestingly the style of jumping is quite different to standard showjumping in that the horse needs to be at a hunter pace, and accuracy on the part of the rider is a little less important. As these horses need to be safe, seeing that a horse can make a plan in the case of rider error is a positive attribute rather than a negative. For this reason, stand-offs are accepted, provided the horse shows he is bold and safe. You will lose marks for refusals, errors and failures, but it is worth noting that you can still win the class even with the odd error, unlike in showjumping.
These then are the five basic ridden showing classes, and they are then divided into three levels:
- Newcomers – this level is open to children, juniors and adults, and all compete against each other. These classes provide a great opportunity to familiarise yourself with the requirements of the classes.
- Novice
- Open – Once you have reached this level, it is tricky to go back, so spend your time getting the experience in Newcomers and Novice before moving up.
Outside of this, there are then also Breed Classes and in-hand classes.
HQ: So what makes an ideal show horse?
Tarryn: One thing that is really important to emphasise is that all horses can show. There is a class for every horse, and I believe the experience of showing is so valuable that everyone should enter their horse into a few showing shows.
In terms of ideals, these vary according to class and breed. You want a horse to be as conformationally correct as possible, but again, this should not put you off competing your horse in the show ring. Quality paces are also important, and horses that are true to type will do better than those who are not. Soundness is obviously vital.
HQ: So what would you say are the advantages of showing for the horse?
Tarryn: My list could get very long for this! First and foremost, every horse that is sound can, and in my opinion, should do some showing. All of my young horses start with showing, as it is much more relaxed and less rigid that dressage or showjumping as a starting point. You don’t need to ‘halt at C’ or put three strides in between this fence and that and can instead decide how best to play to your horse’s strengths and only do as much as you are able to on the day. The other major advantage, particularly for young horses who are just starting out in competition, is that they are not alone in the arena. This security in numbers helps youngsters feel a little more confident in the first shows. Of course, the other advantage is simply being at a show venue and getting this exposure, but in a more forgiving and comfortable environment. Finally, show horses are generally kept in great condition, and this is always something that is worth prioritising.
HQ: And in terms of the rider – what advantages do you see there?
Tarryn: I believe that for riders showing has a lot to teach us. Showing is a lot about ‘showmanship’ and the ability to best show off the horse you ride on the day. There is also a class for every rider, so if you’re not a jumper, there’s still plenty you can do! Showing also teaches you refinement and finesse in your riding and highlights your horse's weaknesses and strengths so that you know what you need to work on. It’s also a great lesson in losing gracefully, and whilst humbling, this can make you more robust in the future. Finally, in most disciplines, I believe good turnout is an advantage. A well-presented horse just creates a better impression, and learning to turn out to accentuate the best features of your horse, as you need to in showing, can only be beneficial. Oh, and I must also say that showing really does have the best prizes!
HOT AND
STEAMY
UNDERSTANDING HOT CLOTHING
A week at Horse of the Year allowed our team to pick up lots of tips from the showing pros, but one of the most commonly mentioned was the use of hot cloths to improve the look of the coat. Our editor hadn’t used hot clothing since she was back in the UK, but with the show as a reminder she came back, took a hot cloth to her Nooitgedacht and was astonished at the results, so here’s an introduction to the value of this straightforward, yet effective, technique!
DID YOU KNOW?
Hot clothing your horse before clipping him helps to keep your clipper blades sharper for longer. This is because the technique helps remove the worst of the grease and dirt, reducing the dulling effect on your clipper blades and allowing them to go for longer before sharpening.
THE BENEFITS
Hot clothing is an essential grooming technique that offers numerous benefits for your horse’s coat and skin. Here’s why you should consider adding it to your routine:
- Removes dirt and grease: The heat and moisture from the hot cloth help to lift away dirt, grease, and sweat that can be trapped in the coat, leaving it cleaner and healthier.
- Enhances coat shine: Hot clothing can give your horse’s coat a beautiful, glossy finish, enhance their colouring and markings (like their dapples), which is especially useful for impressing judges in the show ring.
- Improves clipping results: By removing excess grease and dirt before your horse is clipped, hot clothing ensures a smoother, more even clip with fewer lines.
- Soothes the skin: Hot clothing helps to soothe any irritation and cleanse the skin, particularly after clipping!
HOW TO HOT CLOTH
Hot clothing might sound complex, but it’s surprisingly simple. All you need are two clean buckets, ‘hand’ hot water, a cloth, and a coat oil or no-rinse wash of your choice.
Here’s a step-by-step guide:
1. Groom thoroughly: Clean your horse with a curry comb and brushes to remove as much dirt, mud, and dust as possible.
2. Prepare two buckets: Fill both buckets with hot water (as hot as you comfortably place your hands in). In one bucket, add a splash of your chosen no-rinse wash or coat oil, following the product's guidelines.
3. Soak and wring the cloth: Dunk a clean, soft cloth, flannel, or suede cloth into the bucket with the oil and swirl it around. Then wring out the cloth until it no longer drips with water.
4. Apply the hot cloth: Rub the cloth over your horse’s neck and body in circular motions. This lifts dirt and grease from the coat.
5. Rinse and repeat: Regularly rinse the cloth in the bucket of plain water to clean it, then dip it back into the oiled water and continue hot clothing. This ensures dirt isn’t redeposited on the coat.
6. Focus on trouble spots: Pay extra attention to areas like the hindquarter, where dirt and grease accumulate most.
WHEN SHOULD YOU NOT HOT CLOTH YOUR HORSE?
- Avoid hot clothing your horse if they are unwell or have known skin conditions that could worsen with certain oils, washes or heat application.
- Don't hot cloth close to wounds as this could irritate them or make them worse.
- Of course, skip hot clothing an already hot, sweaty horse or when the weather temperatures are already high to prevent overheating.
A muddy
business
Understanding and
managing mud fever
Mud fever, also known as pastern dermatitis, equine dermatophilosis, cracked or greasy heels, is a common but potentially serious skin condition affecting horses, particularly in wet and muddy conditions. South Africa’s climate, with its seasonal rainfall and damp paddocks, can create the perfect environment for this condition to thrive. With the wet weather up in Jo’burg currently, now seemed as good a time as any to dive into the pathology, treatment and prevention of this tricky condition.
WHAT IS MUD FEVER?
Mud fever is caused by a bacterial infection, primarily Dermatophilus congolensis, which thrives in damp and muddy conditions. The bacteria penetrate the skin through tiny cuts, abrasions, or prolonged wetness, leading to inflammation, scabbing, and sometimes secondary infections. While the infection commonly affects the lower limbs, particularly the pastern and fetlock areas, it can also occur on other parts of the body in severe cases.
Thankfully, though, mud fever is non-contagious, meaning it can’t spread from one horse to another or to humans.
HOW IT ARISES
In wet and muddy conditions, horses' skin is commonly softer. Mud rubs against this softened skin, damaging the surface and allowing bacteria to access it.
Horses with thick feathers are susceptible to the condition throughout the year, as they are at greater risk of leg mites. This leads them to stamp their legs because they are very itchy. Excessive itching may break the skin and the area becomes susceptible to bacteria. If you suspect your horse might have leg mites, speak to your vet for further advice.
RISK FACTORS
There are several factors that make some horses more predisposed to mud fever than others. These include:
- Standing in muddy or wet conditions for extended periods
- Standing in dirty bedding
- Regular hosing of the legs, especially if they are not dried properly afterwards
- Having broken or damaged skin due to a wound such as an overreach injury
- Having white legs, as the pink skin found under the white markings is often more sensitive than the dark skin
- Having thin skin, such as is found in Thoroughbreds or Arabians, which tends to get damaged more easily
- Having a weakened immune system, which is usually secondary to another condition such as Cushing’s Disease. Horses with a lowered immune system are less able to prevent and fight off infections, so are more prone to many health conditions, including mud fever. If these horses suffer from mud fever, it can be more challenging to treat.
DID YOU KNOW?
As mud fever can be painful, many affected horses will not tolerate the area being touched.
RECOGNISING THE SYMPTOM
Mud fever commonly begins on the pastern or the heel and manifests through a range of symptoms, including:
- Crusty scabs and lesions on the skin
- Broken and/or damaged skin
- Matted hair or patches of hair loss with raw skin underneath
- A creamy, white, yellow or green discharge between the skin and the scabs
- Heat, pain, redness and swelling in the lower limb
- Sensitivity and pain, causing lameness in severe cases Infections can develop underneath the scabs and you may see swelling of the leg in severe cases.
NOTE: If mites or a fungal infection have triggered the mud fever, individual treatment for these causes may be needed.
TREATMENT OPTIONS
It is important to call your vet as soon as you suspect mud fever so that they can give you an accurate diagnosis and make sure treatment is tailored to meet your horse’s needs. Once your vet has made a diagnosis and recommended a treatment plan, they will usually be happy for you to manage the condition yourself. However, if your horse fails to respond to treatment or the mud fever worsens, you must contact your vet for further support.
A general treatment plan for mud fever includes:
- Cleaning and drying the affected area – Gently wash the area twice daily with an antiseptic solution such as chlorhexidine, then pat dry thoroughly with a clean towel. Avoid excessive scrubbing, as it can further damage the skin.
- Remove crusts carefully – If the scabs are loose, soak them with warm water or an antiseptic solution before gently removing them. Removing crusts allows air to reach the underlying tissues and aids in healing. However, if you do choose to do this you must be careful as it can be very uncomfortable for your horse and sedation may be necessary. Do not force scabs off unless expressly advised by your vet to do so, as this can be painful and worsen the infection.
- Keep the area dry – If possible, keep the horse in a dry, clean environment to prevent further contamination.
- Use bandages when necessary – In severe cases, bandaging the affected area can provide protection, keep it clean and reduce swelling. However, any bandages applied should be changed regularly to avoid trapping moisture.
- Creams – Severe mud fever may require repeat treatments and cream applied to the skin.
- Antibiotics – If the mud fever isn’t clearing up, your vet may take swabs to check for bacterial growth and sensitivity. This helps your vet to decide if antibiotics are necessary.
- Anti-inflammatories – Your vet may recommend these depending on the clinical signs and overall health of your horse.
If left untreated, mud fever can result in further complications, such as cellulitis and lymphangitis. These conditions are both bacterial infections of the lower leg that affect the blood and lymphatic vessels, often causing swelling, discomfort, and potentially long-term damage. If you notice any swelling, speak to your vet immediately.
TOP TIP
If your horse has thick feathers, you may need to carefully clip the hair from the lower leg to expose the skin to the air and make it easier for you to clean and treat.
PREVENTING MUD FEVER
There are many ways to reduce the risk of your horse developing mud fever and they are all aimed at addressing the underlying causes. Here are some key steps to reduce the risk of mud fever:
- Manage paddock conditions – Avoid leaving your horse standing in wet and muddy conditions for long periods. Try to improve drainage or provide plenty of dry standing areas.
- Avoid washing – Avoid washing your horse’s legs when they are muddy. Rather wait until the mud is dry, then brush it off using a soft-bristled brush. If you do have to wash the legs, make sure you dry them thoroughly afterwards using a clean towel.
- Regular grooming – Check and clean your horse’s legs daily, removing mud and moisture to prevent bacterial build-up. A regular grooming practice also allows for early detection, which should make the condition easier to manage.
- Barrier creams – Waterproof barrier creams (such as zinc-based ones) can be used before turnout to create a protective layer between the skin and the mud. However, ensure the skin is dry and clean before application; otherwise, the cream can create the perfect environment for bacteria to grow.
- Protective boots – Boots designed for turnout can help prevent mud getting onto your horse’s legs, but they must be well-fitting to avoid rubs and sores, which can create bigger problems. These boots must also be removed as soon as your horse is in a dry area to allow the legs to dry thoroughly.
- Underlying conditions – Promptly treat any underlying conditions such as mites, fungal infections or wounds to reduce the risk of mud fever developing.
- Clip excess hair – Trimming long feathers around the pasterns can prevent mud from sticking and reduce moisture retention.
- Boost the immune system – A well-balanced diet with sufficient vitamins and minerals can support skin health and overall immunity.
DID YOU KNOW?
Mud fever can also occur on other areas of the body, such as the belly or the back and is commonly known in these cases as rain scald.
CONCLUSION
Mud fever can be frustrating and painful for horses, but it can be effectively managed with proper care, treatment, and preventive measures. We all need to stay vigilant, particularly during the rainy seasons, to ensure that our horses are kept in clean and dry environments to minimise the risk of infection. By staying proactive, we can help keep our horses’ legs healthy and free from the discomfort of mud fever.
