SOUTH AFRICA’S PREMIER EQUESTRIAN MAGAZINE

DIGITAL ISSUE 171C | 2025

Welcome to HQ171C

This issue of HQ is one we’ve been especially excited to share. It brings together the kind of content that we love – content that helps us find ways to do a little better with what we know now.

You’ll find features on the underrated influence of girths, the design of modern bridles, and what emerging research says about feeding for long-term soundness. These aren’t new debates, but they are changing, and it feels like the right time to revisit them.

You’ll also meet the team behind Amazeballs Equestrian – a brand that’s not afraid to stand out – and get stuck into our usual blend of Q&As, myth busting, and training insights.

If there’s a theme here, it’s probably curiosity: about what’s working, what might not be, and how we can keep evolving as riders, owners, and horse people.
Thanks for reading, and for being part of the HQ community.

Lizzie and
the HQ team xxx

Dr Lizzie Harrison | Editor

Designer | Mauray Wolff

DIGITAL ISSUE 171C | 2025

LANDROVER DISCOVERY D350

Test drive

BOLD, BRIGHT AND BRAVE

Meet Amazeballs Equestrian

UNDERNEATH THE GIRTH

Does shape, material,or elasticity matter?

BRIDLES, BITS AND BIOMECHANICS

Rethinking what’s ‘normal’

HQ GUIDE TO BRIDLE TYPES

Choosing the right fit for comfort and function

DRESSAGE DOUBLE BRIDLES

Tradition, technique, and ethics

FEEDING THE MODERN SPORTHORSE

Are we getting it right?

BEYOND THE FEEDING BAG

How turnout, stress and routine affect digestion

INTRIGUING INGREDIENTS

Spirulina

SOLE DEEP

What we know about sole thickness and soundness

SHOEING VS. BAREFOOT IN THE SPORTHORSE

What does the science say

ASK HQ

Your questions answered

TEST DRIVE:

TEST DRIVE: Discovery D350

When I was handed the keys to the new Land Rover Discovery D350 for a week, I wasn’t quite sure what to expect. As an equestrian, my car priorities usually revolve around towing capacity, boot storage, and whether the dogs will fit in the back, not twin-turbo performance or 3D surround cameras. But the Discovery quickly won me over. This is not just a car. It’s a lifestyle enabler and it delivers on all fronts. And then some.

EFFORTLESS POWER
At the heart of the D350 is a newly upgraded 3.0-litre six-cylinder twin-turbo diesel engine. If that sentence leaves you cold, here’s what it means in real life: this SUV has serious muscle. With 257kW of power and a jaw-dropping 700Nm of torque, the Discovery pulls a fully loaded horsebox as easily as if it were a wheelbarrow.

Towing was effortless, even up steep hills and along the highway. The engine doesn’t growl or strain; it just delivers. Overtaking with the horsebox attached didn’t make my stomach flip (a rare experience), and navigating the uneven tracks to the showgrounds felt solid and controlled.

A TOWING COMPANION THAT DOES THE THINKING
The Discovery D350 is clearly designed by people who understand towing. The electrically deployable tow bar tucks neatly away when not in use, keeping the rear end clean and neat.

One of my favourite features was the trailer light test – no more yelling at someone to check if the left indicator’s working. The car tells you.

And reversing with a trailer? Normally, the part where I start sweating. But not in the Discovery. The optional Advanced Tow Assist system lets you steer the trailer using a rotary controller while watching your path on screen. It’s intuitive and shockingly accurate – even in tight spots.

Add in Trailer Stability Assist, which subtly corrects sway, and you have a vehicle that makes towing feel safer, smarter, and far less stressful.

COUNTRY ROADS AND LIVING THE LIFE
On the road, the Discovery is a revelation. This is a full-size SUV with genuine off-road capability, but it behaves like a luxury sedan on tarmac. The air suspension smooths out potholes and ruts, while the refined engine hums quietly in the background.

Long drives became something to look forward to. Heated seats (including the back seats!) and seat massage turned chilly early-morning starts into spa sessions on wheels. And the Meridian sound system was frankly extraordinary – rich, immersive, and perfect for those mid-road motivational playlists before a big show.

Even the dogs appreciated it. The back was spacious, easy to clean, and well ventilated – ideal for muddy paws and sleepy passengers.

ROOM FOR EVERYTHING – AND EVERYONE
With seven full-size seats, the Discovery D350 is ideal for families or teams on the move. What really stood out to me was how useable the third row is. Often, those back seats are an afterthought – good enough for short distances only. But here, they’re genuinely comfortable for adults, with proper legroom and easy access – Team HQ were thrilled!

Boot space didn’t disappoint either. Whether it was tack, feed, or show jackets, everything found a home. The seating folds flat at the push of a button – no tugging straps or playing Tetris. You’re left with a wide, square load area that swallows horse gear like few others.

DESIGN THAT'S MORE THAN SKIN DEEP
Visually, the Discovery D350 walks a clever line between elegant and rugged. It’s not showy, but it makes a statement. The cabin is a masterclass in understated luxury – high-quality materials, clean lines, and thoughtful details. Everything is where you want it to be. Nothing is overdone.

From the 3D Surround Camera to Adaptive Cruise Control and Rear Traffic Monitor, the tech supports you without being intrusive. It feels human-centred – built for real people doing real things, not just tech for tech’s sake.

TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS
I’m no petrolhead, but for those who love the specs, here’s what the D350 is packing under the hood and behind the scenes:

Engine: 3.0-litre six-cylinder twin-turbocharged diesel
Power Output: 257kW
Torque: 700Nm
Towing Capacity: 3,500kg
0–100 km/h: Just 6.5 seconds – impressive for a seven-seater SUV
Fuel Economy: Improved through lightweight construction and advanced engine technology
Driver Aids: Adaptive Cruise Control, 3D Surround Camera, Lane Keep Assist, Rear Traffic Monitor
Towing Tech: Trailer Stability Assist, Advanced Tow Assist, Trailer Light Test
Interior Features: Seven full-size seats, Meridian sound system, heated and massaging seats, intelligent cabin design

This balance of power, safety, and practicality makes the Discovery D350 one of the most capable and well-rounded vehicles on the market for horse owners.

MY FIVE FAVOURITE FEATURES
IN THE DISCOVERY D350
1. Advanced tow assist
Reversing a trailer is usually the stuff of nightmares for me – but not with this clever system. Just use the rotary dial and let the car do the thinking. It’s a total game-changer.

2. Heated seats and massage function
Early mornings at shows just got better. Heated front and rear seats plus a gentle massage? Yes please. Comfort and recovery in one.

3. Trailer light test
No need for a helper to check the trailer lights – the Discovery lets you do it solo. It’s small, but so smart.

4. Meridian sound system
From motivational anthems to calming post-show drives, the audio quality is exquisite – crystal clear, immersive, and theatre-like. It almost makes my singing sound good…

5. Seven proper seats
Not just a gimmick – the third row is actually adult-friendly, making this a real people-mover for the whole HQ Team.

THE VERDICT: BUILT FOR EQUESTRIANS
After seven days behind the wheel, I didn’t want to give the Discovery D350 back. It’s the rare car that feels tailor-made for equestrian life: strong, capable, intelligent – but also warm, welcoming, and deeply comfortable.

It can tow a horsebox without breaking a sweat. It can carry dogs, horse gear and recaltricant team members in total comfort. It can glide down a muddy driveway and then whisk you to a gala dinner without looking out of place.

At a starting price of R1,824,700, the Discovery D350 is a premium vehicle – but for those who live the horse life every day, it’s more than justified. If you’re serious about comfort, capability, and practicality, this just might be the perfect stablemate.

The listening rider

“The best riders are the ones who listen the most.”
– Unknown

Good riding starts with feel. Great riding starts with listening.
It’s easy to focus on what we want our horses to do, but the real art lies in noticing what they’re trying to tell us. The flick of an ear, a shift in breathing, a hesitation before a transition – these are all moments of conversation.
The more we slow down and tune in, the more our horses begin to trust us. They feel heard.

Bold, bright
and brave

Meet Amazeballs Equestrian

Founded by husband-and-wife duo Russell and Cindy, Amazeballs Equestrian is a family-run business with a passion for innovation and a fearless approach to shaking up the traditional equestrian world. Together, they’ve built a brand that’s not only bold in name but in mission too, seeking out the most exciting, cutting-edge products from around the globe and bringing them to South African riders.
From wearable tech to game-changing safety gear, this dynamic duo runs the show together, combining Cindy’s deep connection to the riding world with Russell’s eye for smart solutions. The result? A growing empire of equestrian gear that’s, well, Amazeballs.

BACKGROUND
HQ: Can you tell us how Amazeballs began?
Amazeballs: Amazeballs Equestrian began in 2016 and is a division of our company, along with Amazeballs Sports and Health and Amazeballs Coding and Robotics. Our mission at Amazeballs HQ is to scour the globe in search of totally amazing, awesome and technologically advanced items for equestrians, coding and robotics educators and sports and health.

HQ: Were either of you involved in the equestrian world before launching Amazeballs, and if so, how?
Amazeballs: Cindy and our daughter Kirsty are both riders, and we’re fortunate to have friends and family deeply involved in the equestrian world. Our love for the sport fuels our drive to seek out innovation, especially products that bring real benefits to both riders and their horses. We're committed to constantly introducing South African equestrians to fresh, cutting-edge gear that elevates their experience in the saddle.

Georgia Scribante

Tamsyn Muller

Annabel Noakes-Dobson

Andrea Harrison Buchmann

Grant Langley

Astrid Muller

Lorette Knowles Taylor

Amber Botes

Johan Lotter

AMAZEBALLS BRAND AMBASSADORS
Amazeballs Equestrian is proud to be supported by a growing team of passionate, loyal ambassadors across the country - each one a standout in their discipline and a true believer in the brand’s mission. From internationally recognised names to rising stars, the Amazeballs crew includes Lorette Knowles-Taylor, Grant Langley, Johan Lotter, Astrid Muller, Tamsyn Muller, Giorgia Scribante, Amber Botes and Annabel Noakes-Dobson.

PRODUCTS
HQ: What were your first equestrian products, and what led you to stock these?
Amazeballs: We started off with the CeeCoach 2-way communication system, as there was no effective two-way communication system that allowed coaches to talk to their riders and vice versa. We also introduced the ArcEquine Microcurrent Therapy system, which is an amazing device with huge benefits to horses and riders alike, and were the first to bring in the new lightweight, snug-fitting airbag vests to improve rider safety across all age groups and levels.

HQ: What equestrian products do you currently offer, and how has this range evolved since the brand’s inception?
Amazeballs: We have grown considerably over the past five years, and now stock a big variety of products, always focusing on Safety, Health, Technology and Communication. We are extremely proud to be the exclusive distributors of one of the leading global equestrian brands, FreeJump, as well as exclusive distributors for EquiPod microcurrent therapy systems, Equine microcurrent therapy systems, Ryde adjustable stirrups, the ACT head impact tracker, the MindMirror concussion injury assessment, Ahleri Muzzle Butter, Evoke helmets, CeeCoach communications, Pixem 2 and Pivo camera tracking systems, Rip-Tie tangle-free hair ties, Gidgee Eyewear, Groomi grooming products, Equestrian Aid and much more on the way.

HQ: Can you talk us through your products?
Amazeballs: Let’s start off with our premium equestrian brand, FreeJump System. This is a company that really fits in with our ethos and loves to disrupt the industry with new takes on existing products. Their stirrups offer around 66% more shock absorption than any standard stirrup and they are one of the most widely used stirrup brands by professional riders globally. They were the pioneers of the new slimline airbag vest designs that are being copied by other brands, but are the only airbag vests to carry a four-year transferable warranty.

This was followed by the introduction of the X’Air Safe, the world’s first airbag-integrated body protector for eventing. They rethought helmet design and produced the Voronoï helmet range, which is the only equestrian helmet that offers temporal protection, another world first, followed by the FreeJump Intercom System, allowing hands-free 2-way communication between as many as 16 riders over a distance of 1.5km to 5km. We also offer the FreeJump technical clothing range, laser-cut and featuring seamless heat-bonded construction and still more exciting products from FreeJump System launching soon.

We introduced wearable Microcurrent Therapy in 2020 with Equine, and last year added the only other wearable equine microcurrent therapy system, EquiPod. Microcurrent therapy is a scientifically proven therapy for managing pain, inflammation and anxiety as well as accelerating recovery from injuries, increasing endurance, providing general maintenance and eliminating Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS or stiffness). Microcurrent therapy should not be confused with therapies such as TENS or PEMF. It is a unique therapy that, simply put, increases available cellular energy by 400-500% which no other therapy can achieve. This, in turn, provides the horse (or human) with additional resources to overcome issues that he/she normally could not deal with. Imagine tendon, ligament, muscular or skin injury recoveries in half the time, minimal to no scarring after lacerations, minimal anxiety, a strengthened immune system, and so much more in an affordable therapy system that can be used on horses and riders alike.

Adding to our focus on health and well-being, we have Ahleri Muzzle Butter At-Ease, a great solution to quickly calm horses before shows and Ahleri Muzzle Butter Repel to keep the pesky flies away from your horses head and ears. We have also just introduced Equestrian Aid Infla-Active Gel and Shampoo containing ingredients from the Buchu plant that have been used for generations by Bushmen for its incredible medicinal properties. Ideal for reducing inflammation, sweet itch or any other skin irritation.

We cater for humans too with the human-specific microcurrent therapy solutions in the form of NuroKor mitouch and Arc4Health, helping alleviate chronic pain and chronic fatigue caused by various medical conditions such as long-COVID, ME, Epstein-Barr Virus, arthritis, etc. These therapies help manage acute pain from injury or surgery, whilst significantly speeding up recovery time and minimising scarring. Other benefits are eliminating stiffness post-exercise, increasing endurance, strengthening the immune system, helping manage anxiety and depression and much more.

Amazeballs has the most comprehensive range of wireless communications systems and automated camera tracking systems. Our most affordable wireless communication system is the Nano followed by CeeCoach 1, CeeCoach 2 and CeeCoach Plus and our newest addition the FreeJump Intercom by Cardo. With these systems there is no more shouting to be heard and no more miscommunication between coaches and riders. For riders that want to film their training rides or have remote coaching, we have the only two solutions, Pivo Pod and MovenSee Pixem 2, both exclusive to Amazeballs Equestrian.

We focus on safety and have a large range of cutting-edge safety products. Body protection in the form of the premium FreeJump Airbag, FreeJump Crystal Airbag and the FreeJump X’Air body protector. These are made in France, using Italian fabrics and are the only protectors to offer a four-year warranty. We also have a more affordable range of airbag vests and more affordable body protectors from L’Armure and Komperdell that do not compromise on safety.

We offer an exclusive range of helmets from FreeJump’s Voronoï helmets in Carbon Fibre and ABS with their first to market temporal protection to the new affordable Evoke helmet range, also available with MIPS. Evoke has a large range of helmet styles, and we are excited to offer this affordable helmet that does not compromise on safety to South African equestrians.

Staying with head protection, we are very proud to offer a world-first solution to help take the guesswork out of concussion management for equestrians. This addresses three of the biggest concussion concerns in equestrian sports: whether the head impact was significant enough to cause a concussion, whether there is a concussion when symptoms are delayed or absent, and lastly, when it is safe to ride again if the rider has a concussion. The ACT head impact tracker is a shareable, lightweight device worn under any equestrian helmet. This provides near real-time information of the amount of impact that a rider’s head has experienced after a fall and if it is significant enough to cause a concussion injury potentially. If this is the case, a quick 10s test can be administered by a friend away from direct sunlight using the mobile app, MindMirror and obtain a risk diagnosis within two minutes. If the risk of a concussion injury exists, then no further riding should take place. The test can then be done daily until there is no further concussion risk, indicating it is safe to resume riding. The risk assessment has a 95% accuracy and is being used by the NFL.

For training, we have the unique FreeJump Collar to help with training a rider to keep their hands quiet and stop pulling, great for beginners and experienced riders alike. We also have the state-of-the-art Alogo Move tracking sensor to record every movement of the horse accurately: individual stride (length, speed, height) and jump (length, angle and height). This allows riders to improve stride consistency between jumps, lateral balance, jump height consistency, and much more.

We continue to offer up new and exciting products. We have the first fully adjustable stirrups from Ryde. Ryde stirrups allow riders to customise their stirrups for perfect alignment, resulting in a more balanced seat, better control, full contact with the footplate and a safer ride for all disciplines. Next up is the brand new, innovative Rising Standards automated horse jumps, allowing riders to change jump heights with a simple tap on the app. Perfect when training alone or for quick changes in jump height as riders warm up. Our exclusive Gidgee sunglass range provides stylish and fashionable sunglass designs that have been designed for equestrians with non-slip nose pads and temple grips, anti-static coatings on the lenses preventing dust build up and the lenses are polarised for increased glare protection. Next up are the Rip-Tie tangle-free hair ties for equestrians with long hair. Easy enough for fathers to use meaning no more messy hair plaits and no more knots.

HQ: How do you select your products, and can you walk us through the process from finding a product to having it on the shelf?
Amazeballs: We are always on the lookout for new, exciting and innovative products to offer to South African equestrians. When we discover something new, we then chat to the companies to make sure that the products fit with our ethos, are high quality and will add real value to equestrians and horses. All of our products have to perform according to their claims. For example, there are many equestrian products that claim to offer improved health or healing benefits but actually do very little and are backed by suspicious scientific studies carried out by the manufacturer rather than independent organisations. We will only offer products that have been extensively validated and really do work. No imagination is required!

HQ: Are there any new products or developments you’re working on that you can share with us?
Amazeballs: We are always bringing in new products… so follow us on social media or visit our website to see what is coming next. Some of our newest products are Gidgee Sunglasses from Australia, specifically made for equestrians; Ryde Stirrups, the first completely adjustable stirrups; and the new Rising Standards Automated jumps system. We also have some exciting new products coming in the next few months.

Our latest product, the Scharf Freedom Girth is a unique concept developed with the horse’s anatomy at the forefront of its design, offering independent support of the rib muscles, as well as both the upward and the oblique chest muscles. The special structure of the Scharf Freedom Girth relieves pressure from the sternum whilst providing optimum support yet complete freedom of movement when the horse is in motion.

THE BRAND
HQ: What core values drive Amazeballs as a brand?
Amazeballs: We constantly strive to offer state-of-the-art, innovative equestrian products, focusing on safety, health, communication, training, and technology. We offer top-level service before and after sales with an open-door policy for riders to contact us whenever they need advice on getting the best out of their product.

HQ: What has been your biggest challenge in building Amazeballs into the brand it is today?
Amazeballs: The biggest challenge in building Amazeballs Equestrian has been breaking through and getting noticed in such a traditional and tight-knit industry. As a fresh brand with bold ideas, earning trust and recognition hasn’t been easy, but we've stayed true to our mission: offering high-quality, cutting-edge gear that dares to be different. It's taken patience and relentless belief in our products to start carving out our space.

HQ: Are there any standout moments or milestones that you’re particularly proud of?
Amazeballs: One of our biggest milestones has been gaining recognition from the South African equestrian community for doing things differently. As a small, family-run business, we pride ourselves on going the extra mile for every client. It's been incredibly rewarding to see that approach acknowledged – not just by our customers, but also by leading global brands. Being entrusted with the exclusive distribution of FreeJump System in South Africa, a brand respected worldwide, was a huge moment for us. We've also expanded our reach by partnering with Langley Equestrian in Durban, where our mobile store is now open weekday afternoons from 12:30 to 5:00 pm and Saturday mornings, unless we’re at a show.

HQ: What are your hopes for the future of the brand?
Amazeballs: To grow further and to become well known across South Africa and our neighbouring countries. We are also looking at opening a boutique store in Johannesburg in the not-too-distant future.

FOR FUN
HQ: How can people get in touch with you to find out more?
Amazeballs: They can call us or email us. They can also keep up to date with our products, sales offers and new product launches by following us on our social media pages @amazeballssouthafrica

HQ: What’s your own must-have product from the Amazeballs range?
Amazeballs: Gosh, we have so many! But I would say FreeJump Airbag Vests for added safety, Equipod or ArcEquine Microcurrent Therapy devices to keep our horse friends in tip-top condition, an Evoke Helmet for some bling without compromising safety and to simply look Amazeballs with a pair of Gidgee Sunglasses!

HQ: If Amazeballs were a horse, what kind of horse would he/she be?
Amazeballs: If Amazeballs were a horse, she’d be that fiery, fearless mare who turns heads the moment she walks into the arena. Not because she’s loud, but because she’s different. She’s got personality for days, a bold streak, and a heart that works overtime. She’s the one who’ll jump the moon if she trusts her rider, and she’s not afraid to buck the system (literally and figuratively). Stylish without trying, athletic without arrogance, and loyal to the bone – that’s the Amazeballs spirit in horse form.

LEARN MORE
Socials: @amazeballssouthafrica • Website: www.amazeballs.co.za
Tel: +27 73 715 9718 or +27 73 368 7078

Respect the horse, listen to the horse, learn from the horse.

– Monty Roberts

Underneath the girth

Does shape, material,or elasticity matter?

The girth is one of the most fundamental pieces of tack in your horse’s wardrobe, but it’s also one of the most underestimated. For many of us, choosing a girth is often an afterthought: leather or synthetic, shaped or straight, perhaps with elastic on one end, and then we're off.

But research over the last decade has revealed that girth design can significantly affect pressure distribution, breathing mechanics, stride length, and even behaviour. Subtle discomfort in this small area can ripple out into performance issues, girthiness, tension under the saddle, and resistance that may be misattributed to poor training or saddle fit.

So, does shape, material, or elasticity matter? Let’s explore what science – and experience – say.

WHAT DOES THE GIRTH ACTUALLY DO?
The girth’s primary job is simple: keep the saddle in place. But, how it does this, and what pressure it applies and where, can have biomechanical consequences.

The pectoralis muscles, which run along the underside of the chest, are highly involved in forelimb motion. A poorly designed or incorrectly fitted girth can compress these muscles, limit thoracic expansion, and restrict the horse’s ability to move and breathe freely.

THE SCIENCE
Several key studies have explored girth pressure and its impact on performance:

PRESSURE MAPPING AND GIRTH TENSION (von Peinen et al., 2010)

Horses wearing standard straight girths experienced peak pressure just behind the elbows, with forces reaching over 10 N/cm².
These pressure points were associated with observable signs of discomfort, including shorter stride length and back tension.

ANATOMICAL GIRTHS AND PERFORMANCE (Greve and Dyson, 2014)

Horses fitted with ergonomic girths showed increased front limb protraction and longer stride length at trot and canter.
Some horses displayed less resistance to saddle placement and girthing over time.

ELASTICITY MATTERS (Clayton et al., 2020)

Girths with too much or too little elastic create uneven tension across the sternum.
Single-ended elastic girths often twist or torque the saddle, while double-ended or centre-elastic designs tend to be more stable and evenly distributed.

SHAPE
STRAIGHT GIRTHS

Traditional and simple.
Tend to concentrate pressure behind the elbows.
May not contour to the horse’s natural shape, particularly in horses with a forward girth groove or a short space between elbow and girth line.

ANATOMICAL GIRTHS

Shaped to curve behind the elbows and relieve pressure on the sternum.
Often improves freedom in the shoulders, especially in short-coupled or compact horses.
Best when positioned precisely, and not all anatomical shapes suit every conformation.

STUD GUARD GIRTHS

Used in jumping disciplines for protection from hoof strikes.
Often quite bulky and stiff.
May impair movement if too tight or placed incorrectly.

MATERIAL
LEATHER

Durable
Classic look
Can stiffen or rub if not regularly maintained.
Good for sensitive horses when lined and soft.

NEOPRENE

Grippy, flexible, and often distributes pressure well.
Easy to clean.
Can cause sweating and friction in hot climates.

FABRIC GIRTHS

Light and breathable.
Best for hacking/light work, as often not supportive enough for jumping or schooling.
May slip if the saddle doesn’t fit well.

SHEEPSKIN-LINED GIRTHS

Great for sensitive skin.
Distributes pressure more evenly.
Needs regular washing to prevent bacteria and matting.

ELASTIC-END GIRTH

One-ended elastic creates asymmetry, often causing the saddle to shift toward the elastic side.
Two-ended elastic is generally best for even tension and saddle balance.
Girths with no elastic offer maximum stability, but can feel restrictive, so use with care, especially on young or sensitive horses

TOP TIP
A girth should be firm but not tight. Always check tension at the lowest hole on both sides, and never rely solely on the saddle’s stability to judge fit.

SIGNS YOUR GIRTH MIGHT BE A PROBLEM

Girthiness or flinching during tacking up.
Tension upon mounting or in the first ten minutes of work.
Lateral resistance or stiffness in the shoulder.
Cold-backed behaviour or bucking in early trot.
Saddle slipping sideways or forward.
Sudden development of girth galls or rubs.

CHECKLIST FOR BETTER GIRTH FIT AND FUNCTION

Does the girth sit behind the elbows without pinching?
Is it evenly tensioned on both sides?
Can the horse breathe deeply and move freely at all gaits?
Is the material suitable for your horse’s skin and climate?
Does it stay stable without over-tightening?
Have you tried different shapes or types if your horse shows resistance?

FINAL THOUGHTS
The girth may seem like a small part of the puzzle, but it plays a crucial role in the horse’s comfort, posture, and willingness to work. Choosing the right design, material, and elasticity isn’t about fashion. It’s about listening to your horse, staying open to experimentation, and remembering that every piece of tack affects the whole.

Before you reach for another supplement or training gadget, check the basics. Because sometimes, the key to a better ride is hiding under the belly.

Feed the microbiome

Your horse’s digestive tract is home to trillions of microscopic allies - bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that make up the gut microbiome. These tiny organisms do big jobs: fermenting fibre, producing energy, supporting the immune system, and even influencing mood and behaviour.
But this ecosystem is delicate. Sudden feed changes, stress, poor-quality forage, or long gaps without food can tip it off balance, sometimes with serious consequences.
Simple ways to support the microbiome
• Feed high-fibre, forage-based diets.
• Make any changes gradually (over seven to ten days).
• Avoid long fasting periods between meals.
• Consider pre- and probiotics if recommended by your vet or nutritionist.

Girth fitting guide

STEP 1: CHOOSE THE RIGHT GIRTH SHAPE
Start with your horse’s conformation and saddle placement.

STEP 2: CORRECT FIT
Length
• Girth should sit two to four fingers below the elbow on both sides.
• If the buckles are too close to the elbow, they may pinch or restrict movement.

Buckle position
• Buckles should sit above the curve of the ribcage, ideally near the bottom of the saddle flap.
• Too low and they create pressure on a moving area.
• Too high and the girth may dig in or twist the saddle.

Even tension
• Tighten both sides evenly i.e. don’t pull up only from one side.
• Avoid relying on one-sided elastic, which can torque the saddle.

STEP 3: CHECK FOR PRESSURE AND MOVEMENT
After girthing and again after riding:

STEP 4: MAINTENANCE AND MATERIAL CARE

RED FLAGS TO WATCH OUT FOR
• Sudden girthiness in a previously tolerant horse.
• Recurrent saddle slipping despite correct fit.
• Short, tight strides in front after tacking up.
• Resistance in early trot or transitions.
• Any behavioural change linked to tacking up.

Don’t just ride, observe

Good horse people aren’t just good riders; they’re good observers.
Before you reach for your tack, take five minutes to simply watch your horse. How is he moving today? Is he grazing evenly on all four legs? Resting one hind hoof more than usual? Playing? Yawning? These small signs can reveal a lot about physical comfort, herd dynamics, or mental state.
Observation sharpens your instincts and deepens your bond. You’ll start to notice subtle patterns and spot issues early, long before they become big problems.

Bridles, bits and biomechanics

Rethinking what’s ‘normal’

The sight of a horse moving in a bridle, poll flexed, lips gently closed, has long been seen as the mark of advanced schooling and correct work. However, new research into bridle and bit pressure, nerve pathways, and facial anatomy is challenging that assumption, suggesting that many horses perform despite discomfort, rather than because the tack fits or functions optimally.

As the fields of biomechanics, welfare science, and tack development intersect, it’s time we ask: Are we prioritising control and appearance over comfort and communication? And can better-fitting, or better-chosen tack reduce tension and improve performance?

MAPPING THE FACE
The horse’s head is a highly innervated structure, packed with sensitive tissues and nerve pathways essential for proprioception (body awareness), communication, and calmness.

Key structures to be aware of include:

The infraorbital nerve, which runs along the face near the cheekbones, and is often compressed by tight nosebands or flash straps.
The facial nerve, which has branches around the jaw and lower cheek and can be irritated by tight curb chains or poorly placed buckles.
The poll area, which is the site of multiple nerve exits and blood vessels. It is prone to pressure from narrow crown pieces, tight bridles, or layered head pieces (e.g., anatomical bridles with nosebands attached over the crown).

When these areas experience sustained pressure, horses may show:

Headshaking or tossing
Difficulty accepting contact
Resistance to bridling
Gaping mouth or excessive salivation
‘Dead mouth’ - learned suppression of response

Rather than signs of resistance or bad training, these may be expressions of discomfort or, in some cases, early indicators of neuropathic pain.

THE INSIDE OF THE MOUTH
Equally important is what’s happening inside the mouth. The tongue, bars, and palate are soft, highly mobile structures, and most horses have less oral space than traditional bit design assumes.

Recent studies using pressure sensors and X-Ray imaging have shown:

Double bridles can produce compressive forces of up to 400–500g on the tongue when rein tension is moderate, potentially reducing blood flow, causing pain and increasing sensitivity over time.
Some bits compress the tongue against the lower jaw or hard palate, particularly if the horse has a thick tongue or low palatal arch.
Horses with low or small palates, common in certain Warmblood lines, may have almost no space for bulky or multi-jointed bits.

Instead of achieving subtlety, such tack choices can lead to chronic tension in the poll, tongue, and jaw, affecting overall movement and frame.

WHAT THE RESEARCH SAYS

A 2019 study published in Animals found that horses ridden in tight nosebands (less than one finger’s width clearance) had reduced oral behaviours, such as licking or yawning, a likely suppression of natural responses, not a sign of quietness.
A 2020 study in the Equine Veterinary Journal confirmed that tongue pressure under curb bits exceeded known nociceptive thresholds (pain signals), particularly when reins were held tight for extended periods.
Thermographic studies have shown reduced blood flow and heat signatures in areas under pressure from anatomical nosebands, despite their ergonomic design claims.

RETHINKING THE 'CORRECT FRAME'
The traditional dressage ideal - a flexed poll, jaw closed, steady contact - has long influenced the types of tack we use and how tightly it’s applied. But form doesn’t always equal function.

Truly correct contact should not rely on:

Mechanical suppression of the mouth via flash or crank.
Overuse of leverage from a double bridle.
Bit pressure that restricts tongue or jaw mobility.

Instead, we should be aiming for contact that is based on consent, comfort, and biomechanics, not coercion. A soft mouth and still head should be responses, not forced due to restraints.

FITTING ADVICE
To reduce unnecessary pressure and optimise performance, consider the following:

BRIDLE FIT

Opt for wide, padded crownpieces that contour over the poll and avoid pressure on the ears.
Ensure nosebands are fitted with at least two fingers' width under the front.
Avoid layering multiple straps in the same area, e.g., an anatomical noseband over a thick crownpiece may cause unintended stacking pressure.

BIT CHOICE

Evaluate oral conformation. Enlist the services of a vet or equine dentist to assess palate height, tongue thickness, and bar sensitivity.
If using a double bridle, consider whether the horse actually needs it, or if the snaffle alone is sufficient for communication.
Experiment with softer metals, single-jointed designs, or tongue-relief bits if the horse shows resistance.

OBSERVE YOUR HORSE
Signs of improvement after changing tack can include:

Increased salivation and licking.
Softer, more consistent contact.
Better stretching into the rein.
Reduced head movement or fussiness.
Improved ability to round through the back.

WHAT YOU CAN DO RIGHT NOW
• Book a tack fit check with a qualified independent fitter.
• Loosen your noseband and observe changes over several rides.
• Investigate alternative bitless or hybrid bridles (for schooling or hacking).
• Educate yourself on cranial nerve anatomy and pressure zones.
• Trust your horse’s feedback, remembering that signs of tension are a form of communication.

FROM WELFARE TO PERFORMANCE
This conversation is not just about welfare, although that should be reason enough; it’s about performance, too. Horses working in comfort move better, focus better, and recover faster. They’re less likely to resist aids, evade contact, or develop compensatory patterns that lead to further soreness or injury.

By re-evaluating what’s considered ‘normal’ - tight nosebands, unexamined bit choices, double bridles as default - we make space for a more humane and effective approach.

BRIDLE PRESSURE POINTS
Understanding where pressure builds under bridles and bits can help prevent discomfort, tension, and resistance, and improve both welfare and performance.

Poll (top of the head behind the ears)
• Why it matters: This area contains multiple nerve exits and major blood vessels.
• Risks: Narrow or layered crownpieces, overly tight browbands or bridles.
• Signs of discomfort: Head tossing, reluctance to be bridled, stiffness in the poll.

Nasal bones (bridge of the nose)
• Why it matters: The upper part of the nose is made of thin bone, not designed for compression.
• Risks: Over-tight crank, flash, or figure-8 nosebands.
• Signs of discomfort: Head flinging, facial tension, rubbing bridle against objects.

Bars of the mouth (jawline between front and molar teeth)
• Why it matters: This is a narrow strip of bone covered by delicate tissue. It is extremely sensitive.
• Risks: Harsh bit contact, heavy hands, or thin/double bits.
• Signs of discomfort: Gaping mouth, resisting rein contact, dropping behind the bit.

Infraorbital nerve (under the cheekbone)
• Why it matters: Supplies sensation to the upper lip and nose.
• Risks: Tight flash straps, dropped nosebands or cheekpieces pressing too closely.
• Signs of discomfort: Flinching during grooming, head-shy behaviour, facial tension.

Facial crest and zygomatic arch (cheekbones and jawline)
• Why it matters: Key bony landmarks where nerves run superficially, i.e. close to the skin.
• Risks: Buckles or cheekpieces placed too tightly or too close to the bone.
• Signs of discomfort: Bit avoidance, head tilting, inconsistent rein contact.

Chin groove (under the jaw)
• Why it matters: Common site for curb chains and flash straps.
• Risks: Over-tight curb chains or lower nosebands can pinch skin and compress nerves.
• Signs of discomfort: Excessive salivation, head shaking, tongue evasions.

Quick comfort check
Ask yourself:
• Can I fit two fingers under each strap, including flash and crank?
• Is the bridle shaped to avoid key nerve zones or pressing into them?
• Does my horse show behavioural changes once the tack is removed?

SHIFTING THE STANDARD
The future of sporthorse tack is likely to be softer, smarter, and more science-based. We’re entering an era where informed riders and professionals are challenging long-held traditions in favour of comfort, biomechanics, and consent-based performance.

It’s time to shift the question from ‘What’s allowed?’ to ‘What’s ethical and what’s effective?’

It’s what you learn after you know it all that counts.

– John Whitaker

Three ways to check your saddle fit today

While only a qualified fitter can assess saddle fit properly, there are simple checks you can do between their visits to stay aware of changes in your horse’s shape or comfort.
1. Wither clearance 
There should be at least two to three fingers of vertical space between the withers and the pommel, both when the saddle is placed and when you're mounted.
2. Girth symmetry 
Are your girth straps even? Does the saddle slide to one side after riding? Uneven pressure could signal poor balance or asymmetry in the horse.
3. Panel contact
 Run your hand under the panels with the saddle unfastened. You should feel even pressure from front to back, no rock, bridging, or pinching.
Your horse’s body changes with the seasons, workload, and age. Staying curious and checking regularly helps prevent soreness and maintain performance.

HQ guide to
bridle types

CHOOSING THE RIGHT FIT FOR COMFORT AND FUNCTION

Not all bridles are created equal, and not every horse benefits from the same design. Here’s a breakdown of the most common bridle types used in modern sporthorse disciplines, along with their key features, intended use, and welfare considerations.

1. CAVESSON BRIDLE
Description:
The most traditional English bridle consists of a plain noseband that sits approximately two fingers below the cheekbone.

Best for:
• Dressage (especially lower levels).
• Hunters and showing.
• Horses with steady mouths and soft contact.

Pros:
• Simple, widely accepted.
• Easy to fit correctly.
• Minimal facial pressure points.

Watch out for:
• Tight cavessons can still compress facial nerves.
• Often used with a flash strap, which may compromise comfort if over-tightened.

2. FLASH BRIDLE (CAVESSON AND FLASH STRAP)
Description:
A cavesson with an additional strap running down to buckle below the bit, intended to keep the mouth closed.

Best for:
• Young horses learning steady contact.
• Horses that tend to open their mouths, but should not be fastened tightly to prevent mouth opening, but rather loosely to encourage steadiness of contact.

Pros:
• Common in dressage and eventing.
• Can stabilise bit position.

Watch out for:
• Easily over-tightened or used to suppress natural oral behaviours, which are a valuable form of communication.
• Place pressure on the nasal cartilage and chin groove.

3. DROP NOSEBAND BRIDLE
Description:
A low-set noseband that encircles the nose in front of the bit, securing below the bit rings.

Best for:
• Young horses.
• Horses that cross their jaws and open their mouths. Again, it should not be fastened tightly but rather just used to encourage a steadier contact.

Pros:
• Allows clean bit action.
• Reduces pressure on the upper part of the face.

Watch out for:
• Must be carefully fitted, as if it is too low it can interfere with breathing.
• Can suppress oral behaviours which a horse uses to communicate discomfort.
• Rare in upper-level sport due to aesthetic preferences.

4. GRACKLE/ FIGURE-8 BRIDLE
Description:
A crossover noseband forming a figure-eight across the nose and jaw. Designed to discourage jaw crossing.

Best for:
• Showjumpers and eventers.
• Strong horses needing lateral control.

Pros:
• Avoids pressure on the upper nasal bone.
• Allows good airflow for galloping.

Watch out for:
• Pressure points at the crossover can irritate the facial nerves.
• Often tightened too much across the face, suppressing natural oral behaviours that signal discomfort.

5. MICKLEM® OR ANATOMICAL BRIDLE
Description:
An ergonomically shaped bridle designed to avoid facial nerves, teeth, and pressure points. Often used with or without a bit.

Best for:
• Horses with sensitive faces or bit aversions.
• Riders focused on welfare and biomechanics.

Pros:
• Pressure is distributed away from the main nerve clusters.
• Often improves comfort and willingness.

Watch out for:
• Fit varies between brands, with some ‘anatomical’ versions being only cosmetically ‘anatomical’.
• May not be legal in all classes.

6. DOUBLE BRIDLE (WEYMOUTH)
Description:
A bridle that uses two bits (snaffle/bradoon and curb/Weymouth) with two sets of reins. Standard in upper-level dressage.

Best for:
• FEI dressage.
• Highly trained horses with a refined response to aids.

Pros:
• Offers nuanced communication in skilled hands.
• Traditional elegance.

Watch out for:
• Requires independent rein control.
• High potential for discomfort or misuse.
• Can create excessive tongue and bar pressure if not correctly fitted.

7. BITLESS BRIDLES (SIDEPULLS, CROSS-UNDER, HACKAMORE ETC.)
Description:
Bridles that use nose, jaw, or poll pressure to guide the horse without a bit. Many designs exist.

Best for:
• Schooling, hacking, or rehab.
• Horses with dental issues or aversions to the bit.

Pros:
• Can improve relaxation and reduce tension.
• No direct oral pressure.

Watch out for:
• Some designs apply strong pressure to nose or poll.
• Not allowed in most mainstream competitive disciplines (except endurance and some working equitation).

8. WESTERN BRIDLES/BOSALS/BITLESS OPTIONS

Best for:
• Western riding, reining, and working equitation.
• Horses trained with neck reining and light cues.

Pros:
• Often minimalist.
• Encourages responsiveness without constraint.

Watch out for:
• Some mechanical hackamores can apply intense pressure.
• Must be used with finesse and understanding of traditional technique.

KEY POINTS WHEN CHOOSING A BRIDLE

Always check for pressure points behind the ears, over the nose, and under the jaw.
Less is often more – don’t add a flash or crank unless there’s a real reason and discomfort has been ruled out as the cause of that ‘reason’.
Match the bridle to the horse’s conformation, behaviour, and level of training.
Fit it for the horse, not the discipline. Welfare should come before tradition.

Thought starter: Let them be young

In an industry that often pushes for early results, it takes courage – and wisdom – to go slow.
Young horses need time. Time to develop physically, with bones, joints, and soft tissue maturing at different rates. Time to mature mentally, learning how to process the world without pressure. And time to grow emotionally, forming trust before being asked for too much.
Working too hard, too soon might get you ahead in the short term, but it can cost soundness, confidence, and even willingness down the line.

Dressage double bridles

TRADITION, TECHNIQUE, AND ETHICS

Few pieces of tack divide the dressage world like the double bridle. On one side are classical purists who see it as the pinnacle of lightness, a symbol of refinement that allows precise communication between skilled rider and trained horse. On the other, growing numbers of welfare-conscious riders and professionals question whether it is still necessary, widely misunderstood, or even misused in modern sport.

Is the double bridle a relic of tradition, a tool of finesse, or a welfare concern hiding in plain sight? This article explores the double’s historical purpose, its place in FEI-level dressage, and why more riders – both classical and modern – are rethinking its default use.

WHAT IS A DOUBLE BRIDLE?
A double bridle (also called a Weymouth) combines two bits – the bradoon (a small snaffle) and the Weymouth (a curb bit with shanks and a curb chain) – each with its own rein. This allows the rider to influence poll flexion, jaw position, and longitudinal balance independently.

When used correctly, the curb provides a subtle lift and rebalance, while the bradoon maintains normal contact and lateral control. In theory, the result is finesse: less rein for more result.

CLASSICAL FOUNDATIONS
In the classical school, the double bridle is seen not as a shortcut, but as a reward for proper development. Alois Podhajsky, former director of the Spanish Riding School, wrote that “the double bridle must never be used to enforce the desired position of the head and neck. It is a tool for the already balanced and supple horse.”

Traditionally, the double was introduced only after the horse had developed self-carriage and throughness in the snaffle. Its function was to refine, not correct.

But does that philosophy translate into the way doubles are used today, or has the line between refinement and control begun to blur?

THE MODERN ARENA
Under FEI rules, the double bridle is compulsory from Prix St. Georges upwards in international dressage, although some national federations (including British Dressage and USDF) now allow snaffle-only options at higher levels.

Here’s where the tension emerges.
In practice, many horses appear in the double before they are truly ready – often still tight in the back, braced in the neck, or resistant in the mouth. The result is not finesse, but a masking of tension. The double may create the appearance of collection and roundness, while actually increasing poll pressure, tongue compression, and learned stillness, not softness.

“We see double bridles being used on horses that are still struggling to find balance in a snaffle,” says one judge who asked to remain unnamed. “That’s when it becomes a problem – and a welfare concern.”

WHAT THE SCIENCE SAYS
Several studies have investigated the effects of double bridles on equine anatomy and behaviour:

Tongue pressure under curb bits can exceed nociceptive (pain) thresholds, especially when rein tension is not delicately managed (Kienapfel, 2015).
Restricted oral behaviours (licking, yawning, swallowing) are more common in double bridles with tight nosebands, raising concerns about suppressed welfare indicators (Doherty et al., 2020).
Thermographic and EMG studies suggest increased muscle tension in the poll and jaw regions in horses ridden in the double compared to the snaffle, depending on fit and rider skill.

While these findings do not condemn the double outright, they emphasise the need for exceptional sensitivity, fit, and timing, not just technical eligibility.

THE REAL QUESTIONS
Instead of asking, ‘Should we ban the double?’ perhaps we should be asking:
• Is it being used too early in the horse’s development?
• Are we using it because the horse is ready, or because the test requires it?
• Are we testing skill and communication, or conformity and restraint?
• Could we offer choice in FEI tests, as some national federations already do?

There are also broader ethical considerations. Public perception of dressage has taken a hit in recent years due to concerns over tight nosebands, debates about rollkur/hyperflexion, and visible tension in the ring. The double bridle – rightly or wrongly – is often associated with these visuals, especially when the horse appears locked in the jaw or stifled in expression.

A MIDDLE PATH
Many trainers now advocate for a reform of the rulebook – keeping the double bridle available for those who choose to use it, but removing it as a compulsory item at FEI levels.

This would:
• Empower riders to make horse-based decisions, not rule-based ones.
• Reduce pressure to ‘gear up’ prematurely.
• Acknowledge that not all horses – or hands – are suited to the double.

Already, federations like British Dressage and the USDF have adopted this approach with positive feedback.

FINAL THOUGHTS
The double bridle is not evil. In the right hands, on the right horse, it can be a tool of elegant communication and refined harmony. But when used prematurely, indiscriminately, or to meet rules rather than readiness, it risks becoming an instrument of concealment, not communication.

Dressage is supposed to be the art of riding in lightness. Perhaps it’s time to let that principle – not tradition – lead the conversation.

It’s not about making the horse do something. It’s about allowing the horse to do something.

– Carl Hester

FEEDING THE MODERN SPORTHORSE

ARE WE GETTING IT RIGHT?

For decades, the default sporthorse ration looked something like this: two big buckets of concentrate, a slice or two of hay, electrolytes on hot days, and maybe oil ‘for shine.’ It worked, until it didn’t. Today’s competition horses jump higher, move bigger, travel more, and live more intensively managed lives than ever before. Meanwhile, the science on equine gastrointestinal physiology and metabolic health has exploded, revealing just how mismatched many traditional feeding systems are to the horse’s biology.

This article unpacks where we’re going wrong (hello, starch overload), what a forage-first, fibre- and fat-fuelled programme looks like, and how to individualise performance nutrition without compromising gut health.

1. FROM 'HARD FEED EQUALS ENERGY' TO FUELLING THE RIGHT ENERGY SYSTEM
Not all ‘energy’ is created equal. The source and timing of calories should reflect the job the horse has to do.

The simplified model

Aerobic work (dressage, most flatwork): Best supported by fats and fermentable fibre (e.g., beet pulp, soy hulls) that provide slow-release energy without large glucose/insulin spikes.
Anaerobic bursts (jump-offs, short, intense efforts): Can utilise starch and sugars effectively, but the amounts and meal size matter for gut and metabolic safety.

Key idea: Most sporthorses (even jumpers and eventers) spend the majority of their training time in the aerobic zone. Yet their diets are often built around large, starch-heavy meals designed for brief periods of anaerobic activity.

2. THE STARCH PROBLEM: ULCERS,ACIDOSIS, AND BEHAVIOUR
High-starch meals (common in traditional mixes and sweet feeds) can:

Overflow the small intestine’s capacity to digest starch, sending starch into the hindgut where it ferments rapidly, leading to hindgut acidosis, microbial disruption, gas, and laminitis risk.
Increase gastric acidity (especially when fed in large, infrequent meals without adequate forage), contributing to squamous and glandular ulcers.
Spike glucose and insulin, which can worsen metabolic instability and muscle disorders (e.g., Polysaccharide Storage Myopathies, Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in susceptible horses).

Practical limits most experts now recommend are:

Total starch per meal: Keep ≤1 g/kg bodyweight for ulcer-prone or sensitive horses (that’s ≤500 g for a 500 kg horse). More liberal upper limits of 1–2 g/kg of body weight are sometimes cited; however, staying on the lower end is generally safer for most.
Total concentrate per meal: Rarely more than two kg (and often far less), with many horses thriving on multiple small meals or even no traditional grain at all.

3. FORAGE-FIRST ISN'T JUST A SLOGAN
Horses are designed to trickle-feed fibre for 16 plus hours a day. Saliva (a powerful buffer) only flows when they chew. This means that long gaps without forage and chewing lead to acid bathing the stomach lining resulting in tissue damage and ulcer formation.

Targets to hit:

Forage intake of 1.5–2% of bodyweight/day (dry matter (DM)) for most sporthorses (that’s 7.5–10 kg DM for a 500 kg horse; or approximately 9–12 kg ‘as fed’ hay depending on moisture).
No gaps without access to forage.
Slow feeders/small-holed nets to extend eating time for stabled horses.
For easy keepers, swap to lower ‘non-structural carbohydrate’ (NSC), higher-structural-fibre forage rather than reducing the amount of forage.

4. FAT AND FIBRE AS PERFORMANCE FUEL
Replacing a chunk of starch calories with oil and super fibres (beet pulp, soy hulls, lupin hulls) improves metabolic stability and gut health.

Benefits of a higher-fat, higher-fibre approach:

Reduced post-prandial (after eating) glucose/insulin peaks.
Lower excitability in some horses versus high-starch diets

HOW MUCH FAT?
Up to 0.8–1ml/kg of BW per day (≈ 400–500 ml for a 500 kg horse) is commonly used in high-performance horses, introduced gradually over three to four weeks to allow for metabolic adaptation.

5. PROTEIN QUALITY OVER PROTEIN QUANTITY
Many rations oversupply crude protein but underdeliver key amino acids, especially lysine, threonine, and methionine, which are the true building blocks for topline, muscle repair, and hoof quality.

Therefore, we should:

Aim for balanced amino acid profiles, especially in young, growing, or heavily training horses.
Consider top-dressing with targeted amino acids rather than indiscriminately increasing total protein (which can increase urea production, stall ammonia levels, and dehydration risk).

6. MICRONUTRIENTS: THE SILENT PERFORMANCE KILLERS
Common forage-only or ‘just add a bit of grain’ diets are frequently deficient in copper, zinc, selenium, vitamin E, and sometimes sodium (yes - plain salt is still underrated).

Salt: Most sporthorses require at least 30–50 g/day of sodium chloride (NaCl), with higher amounts needed in hot climates or during heavy sweating conditions.
Electrolytes: Use complete, balanced electrolyte mixes (not just salt) after sweat losses, ideally in a mash to support rehydration.
Vitamin E: Horses on limited pasture often need supplemental natural vitamin E (d-a-tocopherol), particularly those on high-fat diets or in heavy work.
Trace minerals: Zinc and copper are crucial for hoof and skin integrity; iron is rarely deficient (and often oversupplied).

7. ULCERS: FEEDING TO PREVENT
Given the high prevalence of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) in sporthorses, management-as-nutrition is non-negotiable. This involves:

Forage before work and travel (a small haynet 30–60 minutes prior) to create a fibrous ‘mat’ that buffers acid.
Multiple small concentrate meals rather than one or two large ones.
Consider buffering strategies (e.g., alfalfa, certain marine-derived buffers) for horses with a history of ulcers, alongside veterinary treatment when needed.
Routine, turnout, and social contact directly influence stress hormones, which in turn alter gut motility and acid exposure.

8. PERIODISING THE RATION
Just as you adjust training blocks, adjust the diet:

Base phase/off-season: Emphasise forage, fibre, micronutrient balance, and maintaining an ideal body condition score (BCS 5–6/9 for most disciplines).
Build/competition phase: Increase total digestible energy through fat and/or moderate starch, ensure high-quality amino acids, and fine-tune electrolytes.
Recovery blocks: Support antioxidants (vitamin E), omega-3s, and protein quality, while ensuring gut health after travel/competition stress.

9. DISCIPLINE SNAPSHOTS (VERY BROAD STROKES)
Dressage (medium to Grand Prix):

Mostly aerobic, so a fibre and fat base is important. Moderate starch can be included if temperament allows..
Focus on muscle recovery, micronutrients and ulcer prevention.

Showjumping:

Aerobic base with anaerobic spikes, making fibre and fat the ideal foundation, with carefully portioned starch for sharpness if needed.
Electrolytes, gut support for travel, and regular body condition and topline monitoring all necessary.

Eventing:

Phase-dependent: Cross-country demands favour glycogen management and electrolytes; flatwork phases are largely aerobic, so fibre and fat can dominate.
Hydration and recovery nutrition are critical.

10. QUICK AUDIT: ARE YOU FEEDING THE MODERN WAY?
Tick what’s true for your current program:

Forage is the foundation: ≥1.5–2% of BW per day, minimal gaps without fibre
Total starch per meal is capped (ideally ≤1 g/kg of BW for sensitive horses)
Oil/fat and fermentable fibre provide slow-release energy for most work
Ration includes a balanced vitamin and mineral source (not just ‘a bit of mix’)
Electrolytes are matched to sweat losses, not guessed
Amino acids (lysine, threonine, methionine) are addressed, not just crude protein
Diet is periodised across base, build, peak, and recovery phases
Ulcer prevention is baked into management (forage-before-work, routine, turnout)
You can justify every scoop in the bucket with a clear physiological reason for its presence

BOTTOM LINE: PERFORMANCE STARTS WITH PHYSIOLOGY
You can’t out-supplement a biologically inappropriate feeding system. The modern sporthorse needs forage-first, fibre- and fat-forward diets tailored to their workload, temperament, and gut, not just their discipline. Starch has its place, but not at the expense of the microbiome, stomach lining, or long-term soundness.

Feed the athlete, while respecting the herbivore.

Beyond the feed bag

HOW TURNOUT, STRESS AND ROUTINE AFFECT DIGESTION

We tend to think of equine nutrition as the science of calories, minerals, and macros – choosing the right concentrates, balancing the forage, and tweaking the supplements. But true nutrition goes far beyond what’s in the feed bag or supplement tub. The way a horse is managed – how much turnout they get, how predictable their routine is, how often they experience stress – has a profound impact on whether they can digest, absorb, and benefit from the food we provide.

This article explores the often-overlooked connections between management, stress, behaviour, and digestion, and why good feeding starts with good daily care.

THE GUT UNDER PRESSURE
The horse’s digestive system evolved to process small, frequent meals over many hours while moving. In the wild, horses graze up to 16 hours a day, and their gastrointestinal tract is in near-constant motion. In contrast, domesticated horses may be confined for much of the day, fed two to three large meals, and exposed to unpredictable or stressful environments – a drastic mismatch with their biology.

This mismatch matters. When a horse experiences stress, the body diverts resources away from digestion and toward the ‘fight or flight’ response. Cortisol levels rise, blood flow to the gut is reduced, gut motility slows, and stomach acid production continues unchecked creating a perfect setting for gastrointestinal upset and ulcer formation.

TURNOUT
Horses with limited turnout are at significantly higher risk of digestive dysfunction, particularly colic and gastric ulcers. While the exact turnout needs vary by individual, most horses benefit from a minimum of four to six hours of free movement and grazing daily, with more being better.

Turnout supports digestion in several key ways:

Increased saliva production through near-constant chewing of forage, which helps buffer stomach acid.
Physical movement enhances gut motility, facilitating the passage of feed through the intestines.
Mental relaxation reduces stress-related cortisol spikes that can impair digestion.

Even a paddock with sparse grazing can offer important behavioural and physiological benefits if forage is supplemented and movement is encouraged.

THE GUT-BRAIN AXIS
A growing body of research in both human and veterinary medicine supports the existence of the gut-brain axis, a two-way communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the nervous system. In horses, this means that stress doesn’t just affect mood; it alters gut function at the microbial and cellular level.

Stressed horses may show:

Reduced appetite
Slower feed transit time
Disruption to the gut microbiome, leading to dysbiosis
Increased permeability of the gut wall (‘leaky gut’), which contributes to inflammation and systemic issues

Management strategies that reduce stress, including regular routines, social interaction, soft handling, and sufficient forage, are not luxuries; they’re core to nutritional health.

FEEDING FORAGE FIRST
Forage should form the foundation of every horse’s diet, ideally making up 1.5–2% of bodyweight daily in dry matter. But how and when forage is fed can be just as important as the total volume.

Best practices include:

Ad lib to hay or grazing to mimic natural feeding patterns.
Use of slow feeders or hay nets to prolong eating time and reduce boredom in stabled horses.
Avoiding periods without forage, as this increases ulcer risk and stress behaviour.

ROUTINE, PREDICTABILITY, AND BEHAVIOURAL WELLNESS
Horses thrive on routine and find safety in predictability. A disorganised, erratic schedule, with irregular turnout, inconsistent feeding times, and sporadic exercise, can create low-grade chronic stress, even in horses that appear outwardly calm.

Signs that routine may be negatively affecting gut health include:

Wood chewing or cribbing
Intermittent colic symptoms
Sudden feed refusals
Faecal water syndrome
Unexplained girthiness or sensitivity in grooming

Where possible, horses should be kept on a stable daily rhythm, with feed, turnout, work, and rest occurring at roughly the same time each day. Horses that travel or compete frequently may benefit from supportive gut health strategies – such as gastric buffers or live yeast probiotics – but these should supplement, not replace, good management.

TAKEAWAY
The takeaway is simple: nutrition starts with management.

Even the most expensive feeds and supplements won’t provide full benefit if your horse is chronically stressed, stabled for most of the day, or has inconsistent access to forage. Nutrition doesn’t begin with choosing the right pelleted feed; it begins with giving the horse a life that supports their biological needs.

A balanced ration, thoughtfully constructed, is important. But, without considering factors such as turnout time, social needs, stress levels, routine, and feeding patterns, it’s only part of the picture.

What’s in a walk?

“If you want to improve your horse’s canter, fix the walk first.”
– Unknown

The walk is the most honest gait. It reveals balance, tension, rhythm, and feel, and you can’t fake it.
A clear, four-beat walk with swing and purpose tells you your horse is relaxed and connected. A hurried, lateral, or stilted walk? That’s a red flag and often a sign of tension, poor contact, or rider interference.
Walk work is where you refine the details:
• Transitions within the walk.
• Lateral work with control and bend.
• Halts that are straight and square.

Walk is where the real training begins.
Try this: Ride a square halt out of medium walk at each corner of the arena. Feel where the balance shifts.

Intriguing ingredients

Spirulina

If you’ve been reading ingredient labels on equine supplements lately, you may have come across a mysterious green powder: spirulina.

This microalgae has made a name for itself in the human wellness industry, and now, it’s gaining popularity in the equestrian world for its purported immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory, and allergy-mitigating effects. But what exactly is spirulina, and does the science support its use in horses?

WHAT IS SPIRULINA
Spirulina is a cyanobacterium – commonly referred to as a blue-green algae – that thrives in warm, alkaline waters. Though it’s been harvested as a food source for centuries (notably by the Aztecs), it’s now cultivated commercially in controlled environments.

Nutritionally, spirulina is impressive:

Around 60% protein by dry weight.
Rich in B vitamins, especially B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), and B3 (niacin).
Contains beta-carotene, vitamin E, iron, copper, and magnesium.
High levels of phycocyanin – a blue pigment with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

WHY IS IT FED TO HORSES?
The most common uses of spirulina in horses include:

Allergy support: Research has suggested that spirulina may reduce histamine release by stabilising mast cells, some of the cells involved in allergic reactions. This makes it potentially helpful for horses with insect bite hypersensitivity (sweet itch), heaves (Recurrent Airway Obstruction), or dust and pollen allergies.
Immune modulation: Studies in other species (humans, mice, and dogs) have shown spirulina can upregulate protective immune responses while dampening excessive inflammation, potentially reducing the risk of infection and supporting recovery during stress.
Muscle and coat condition: Spirulina’s amino acids, minerals, and antioxidants support muscle tone and topline, and some owners report shinier coats and healthier skin in horses on regular spirulina supplementation.
Respiratory health: Anecdotally, some owners of horses with environmentally triggered coughing or wheezing have found benefit from spirulina, likely due to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects on the airways.

WHAT DOES THE SCIENCE SAY?
While equine-specific studies are still limited, the scientific basis for spirulina’s benefits is grounded in its cellular effects. In various models:

Phycocyanin has been shown to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-a, IL-6) and scavenge free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and cell damage.
Spirulina appears to increase levels of IgA (an antibody important in mucosal immunity) in the saliva and gut.
A pilot study in horses suggested reduced respiratory sensitivity to allergens after spirulina supplementation, though sample sizes were small.

It’s worth noting that much of the existing research has been done in humans and small animals or is anecdotal, and while the mechanisms are promising, equine responses may vary.

As always, spirulina should not be seen as a cure-all, and its effects are likely to be most beneficial when used as part of a targeted nutritional or veterinary plan.

SPIRULING VS. SIMILAR SUPPLEMENTS
There are several supplements that appear similar to spirulina but offer different benefits.

Here's how they compare:

Bottom line: When purchasing, check whether the product contains pure spirulina or a blend of multiple algae types. Blends may offer generalised support but lack the specific phycocyanin-rich profile of high-quality spirulina.

ARE THERE ANY RISKS?
Generally, spirulina is considered safe. However:

Source matters: Spirulina grown in contaminated or unregulated water sources can contain heavy metals, microcystins (toxins), or harmful bacteria. Always choose a product from a reputable supplier with quality assurance testing.
Taste aversion: Some horses object to the strong, earthy smell or taste – start with small amounts mixed into a palatable carrier.
Digestive upset: Rare, but possible if introduced too quickly or in very high doses.

BUYER'S CHECKLIST: CHOOSING SPIRULINA FOR YOUR HORSE
Not all spirulina products are created equal. Use this quick checklist to ensure you're buying a supplement that's safe, effective, and suitable for equine use:

1. Purity matters
Look for products labelled 100% pure spirulina. This ensures you avoid blends, unless, of course, you're deliberately seeking a mixed algae formula.

2. Source and origin
Choose spirulina grown in controlled, toxin-free environments (e.g. USA, EU, New Zealand). Avoid products from unverified freshwater sources where contamination risk is higher.

3. Heavy metal testing
Check that the manufacturer conducts independent testing for heavy metals, microcystins, and pathogens. This is especially important for algae products.

4. Equine-specific labelling
Give preference to supplements formulated for horses, with clear dosing guidelines and a feeding rate appropriate for equine metabolism.

5. Packaging and storage
Spirulina should be stored in a cool, dry place in a sealed container. Light and moisture degrade its nutritional value.

6. Smell and appearance
High-quality spirulina has a vibrant green-blue hue and a fresh, marine scent. A dull colour or foul odour may indicate spoilage or poor processing.

7. Palatability options
If your horse is fussy, look for spirulina blended with molasses-free carriers or pelleted forms for easier feeding.

FINAL THOUGHTS
Spirulina is a compelling example of a natural product with emerging scientific support. While it’s no miracle cure, its potential benefits – particularly in horses with allergies, immune dysfunction, or respiratory sensitivities – make it worth considering as part of a targeted nutrition plan.

As always, consult your vet or nutritionist before adding any new supplement to your horse’s diet. And remember: ingredients don’t work in isolation – their effects depend on the bigger picture of management, environment, and individual needs.

Test your track

You’ve ridden that 20 x 40m arena a hundred times. But can you draw it from memory, and place your shapes exactly?
Arena drift happens slowly. Circles become ovals. Lines bend where they shouldn’t. Before you know it, your horse is anticipating corners, and you’re riding by habit instead of feel.

Try this challenge:
Draw your arena layout from memory, including:
• All letters • Centreline • Quarterlines • A standard 20m circle at B

Then, ride it. Are you hitting the same spots? Or cutting corners without realising?
The sharper your eye for geometry, the clearer your horse’s job becomes. Precision isn’t about perfection - it’s about practice.

SOLE DEEP

What we know about sole thickness and soundness

When we think about hooves, we often focus on wall cracks, flares, or the perfect white line, but the sole plays a vital and often underappreciated role in keeping our horses sound, especially in the age of synthetic surfaces and intense sport schedules.

The thickness and integrity of the sole significantly impact how well the hoof can absorb concussion, resist bruising, and support biomechanical loads; yet, many horses in performance work have soles that are dangerously thin.

Here we dive into the structure and function of the equine sole, examining why sole depth matters, and what the current science and farriery best practices say about keeping this crucial layer robust.

WHAT IS THE SOLE AND WHAT DOES IT DO?
The sole is the concave, keratinised structure covering the underside of the hoof, excluding the frog. It provides shock absorption, protects sensitive inner structures, and supports the coffin bone (P3). Although it isn’t designed to bear full weight in the same way as the hoof wall, it still takes on load during movement, especially when the horse lands flat or when the surface is uneven or hard.

A healthy sole is not just a surface coating; it’s a protective barrier that forms in layers over time. Sole depth typically ranges from 10–15 mm in a sound horse. When thickness drops below eight millimetres, studies show a significantly increased risk of bruising, abscesses, and solar penetration injuries.

THE THIN SOLE PROBLEM
Many sporthorses, especially in disciplines like showjumping and dressage, are shod and stabled on surfaces that do not challenge the hoof to develop thicker soles naturally. Factors contributing to sole thinning include:

Over-trimming by well-meaning but aggressive farriery.
Lack of stimulation due to limited turnout on varied terrain.
Prolonged shoeing without sole contact.
Excess moisture from constant washing or wet bedding.
Concussive work on hard or artificial surfaces.

Horses with long toes and low heels are particularly at risk, as this conformation can shift weight-bearing further onto the sole, overstressing already thin areas.

SOLES AND SURFACES
The arena surface your horse works on can have a dramatic impact on sole health. Hard or shallow surfaces increase concussive force, particularly in the forelimbs. Thin soles lack the natural cushioning to protect the underlying corium from this shock, increasing the likelihood of stone bruises, soreness, or chronic hoof sensitivity.

In contrast, overly deep or loose footing can contribute to toe dragging, leverage stress, and long toe/low heel conformation, all of which can alter loading patterns on the sole and reduce effective sole growth.

It’s essential to match your farriery strategy to your footing. For example, a horse working primarily on hard tracks may need extra sole support or a protective pad system, while a horse in deep arenas may require a trim that balances breakover and encourages heel engagement.

THE BIOMECHANICS OF LOAD AND PROTECTION
The hoof capsule is designed to dissipate force; the walls expand, the frog and digital cushion compress, and the sole flexes slightly to spread impact. But this mechanism depends on adequate sole depth and structure.

When the sole is too thin:

The coffin bone (P3) sits closer to the ground.
The horse is more likely to land toe-first to avoid heel pressure, which disrupts the natural breakover.
The soft tissues of the foot become more vulnerable to bruising and inflammation.
The risk of navicular strain, laminar stress, and solar abscesses increases.

This can result in subtle, recurring lameness that evades detection on imaging but resolves with protective shoeing or rest, suggesting that sole pain is the underlying cause.

FARRIERY SOLUTIONS
Modern farriers are increasingly aware of the need to protect and preserve sole thickness, especially in performance horses. Best practices include:

Minimal sole paring: Avoid aggressive trimming of exfoliating sole unless there is retained sole creating distortion or allowing infection to fester.
Shorter shoeing cycles: Allowing the foot to overgrow between trims increases sole stress and leverage.
Shoes with protective features, like rim pads, full pads with packing, or clogs for horses with sole trauma.
Encouraging barefoot periods where possible (such as in off-seasons) to allow natural stimulation and sole thickening.
Balancing the trim to promote even loading and natural breakover, particularly crucial for reducing leverage strain on the toe.

DID YOU KNOW?
A 2015 study published in the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science found that horses with thin soles (less than eight millimetres) were three times more likely to present with foot pain or lameness during seasonal changes than those with normal thickness.

Some farriers use hoof testers to monitor sole sensitivity regularly, helping catch sole thinning before it becomes a full-blown lameness case.

CAN A HORSE REGAIN SOLE THICKNESS?
Yes, but it takes time, management, and patience.

Healthy sole growth requires:

Consistent stimulation through movement on varied terrain (hard-packed paddocks, gravel paths).
Low sugar/starch diet to reduce systemic inflammation that can affect hoof horn quality.
Adequate zinc, copper, and biotin levels.
Dry conditions as hooves that stay too wet soften and wear faster.
A well-balanced trim cycle that avoids over-thinning.

It may take four to six months or more to see meaningful increases in sole depth, particularly in older horses or those with chronically compromised feet.

CHECKLIST FOR SUPPORTING SOLE DEPTH

Monitor sole depth with your farrier regularly, especially if your horse is footy.
Avoid over-trimming any exfoliating sole.
Provide turnout on firm, dry, varied terrain.
Avoid oversoft footing or long spells in wet bedding.
Match shoeing strategies to your surface and workload.
Review the diet for adequate trace mineral levels, particularly zinc and copper.

CONCLUSION
Sole thickness isn’t something you see at first glance, but it may be one of the most critical markers of hoof resilience and long-term soundness. Whether your horse is jumping on grass, schooling on fibre arenas, or hacking on tar, their soles take the hit, or soften the blow.
By recognising the signs of sole stress early, working with your farrier to protect depth, and adjusting your management to support natural hoof function, you can make soundness start from the ground up.

The horse is never wrong.

– Tom Dorrance

Shoeing vs. barefoot in the sporthorse

WHAT DOES THE SCIENCE SAY

For some riders, shoes are nonnegotiable tools that let sporthorses stay comfortable, protected and competitive on modern surfaces. For others, the barefoot (often boot-assisted) model is a welfare-forward way to build stronger, more functional feet, and many swear their horses move better for it. The truth, as usual, sits somewhere between physiology, workload, surface, conformation, and the skill of your hoof-care team.

This article reviews what research we do have, what farriers and vets see on the ground, and how to decide - pragmatically, not dogmatically - whether your horse can (or should) go barefoot.

FIRST PRINCIPLES: WHAT A HOOF NEEDS TO DO
Regardless of management style, every performance hoof must:

Absorb and dissipate force (via the frog, digital cushion, sole, and hoof wall).
Provide traction appropriate to the job and surface.
Protect sensitive internal structures (laminae, corium, coffin bone).
Maintain alignment and balance up the limb (reducing leverage and asymmetry).
Tolerate the wear imposed by work without outstripping growth.

Shoes, trims, boots, pads, pour-ins and composite materials are all just means to those ends.

WHAT THE SCIENCE ACTUALLY SAYS (AND DOESN'T)
High-quality, controlled, discipline-specific studies comparing barefoot vs. shod sporthorses are surprisingly scarce. Still, several consistent themes emerge from biomechanics, imaging, and pressure/kinetic work:

Potential advantages seen in barefoot or minimally shod feet

Greater hoof deformation (‘functional hoof mechanism’) on landing, which may aid shock absorption.
Shorter breakover and sometimes a more heel-first landing pattern after successful transition, which are both linked to reduced deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) and navicular apparatus strain.
Improved sole depth and frog/digital cushion development over time in some horses when managed on varied, firm turnout surfaces.

Potential advantages seen with shoeing

Protection of thin soles and compromised feet, particularly on abrasive/hard footing.
Leverage control and mechanical support (e.g., bar shoes, wedges, wide-web shoes, rails) for pathologies requiring therapeutic mechanics.
Traction customisation via studs, which are still a decisive factor in upper-level jumping and eventing.
Wear-rate management in horses whose work on synthetic or hard tracks rapidly exceeds growth.

What’s inconclusive or mixed

Force plate and rein tension correlations with hoof management: results vary with surface, horse, and shoe type.
Injury rates: no robust, discipline-stratified data show barefoot horses are globally more or less injured than shod horses.
‘Proprioception’ gains: frequently claimed for barefoot horses, but objective proof in the horse is limited; nonetheless, many riders report a different ‘feel’ in balance and surefootedness.

Bottom line: Evidence supports both approaches in the right horse, on the right surface, with the right trimming/shoeing cycle. Context trumps ideology.

PROS AND CONS AT A GLANCE
BAREFOOT (WITH OR WITHOUT COMPETITION-LEGAL HOOF BOOTS)
Pros

Maximises natural hoof function and expansion for some horses.
Eliminates nail-hole damage, shoe weight, and peripheral loading.
Often improves frog engagement, digital cushion strength, and heel-first landing after transition.
Lower direct costs (though more frequent trims and environmental management can rebalance the budget).

Cons

The transition period (often three to twelve months) can include sensitivity, reduced workload tolerance, and management headaches.
Traction limitations in disciplines that rely on studs.
Surface mismatch can occur where very hard, stony, or abrasive footing can outstrip sole growth and cause bruising.
Not always competition-legal to use boots (allowed in endurance, but not in FEI dressage/showjumping).

CASE PROFILE

History: Chronic underrun heels and recurring sole bruising despite pads and frequent resets.
Intervention: Transitioned to barefoot over nine months. Diet adjusted (trace minerals, lower non-structural carbohydrate in the diet), turnout increased on firm track with pea gravel and rubber mat loafing areas. Short trim cycles of four to five weeks.
Outcome: Sole depth improved from six to seven mm to twelve to thirteen mm; digital cushion thickness on ultrasound increased. Horse returned to 1.40 m competition without studs, but management relied on surface selection (no slick grass), meticulous conditioning, and occasional non-competition hoof boots for hacking on roads.
Trade-offs: Avoided certain shows due to footing; required a disciplined environment and a committed team.

SHOEING
Pros

Immediate protection and mechanical options for pathology or thin soles.
Studs for traction on grass and wet or variable show surfaces.
The farrier can change breakover, support heels, float branches, etc., very precisely.
Predictable comfort for many high-mileage competition horses.

Cons

Potential for wall weakening (nail holes), peripheral loading, or crushed/underrun heels if cycles are long or mechanics are poor.
Some horses develop flat soles and weak frogs if the shoe keeps the caudal foot unloaded for months/years.
Can mask underlying management issues (diet, environment, trim frequency).

TRANSITIONING TO BAREFOOT: WHAT IT REALLY TAKES

Time: Expect three to 12 months to rebuild the sole, frog, and digital cushion. Workloads may need to be reduced temporarily.
Environment: Varied, firm turnout surfaces (tracks, pea gravel, road work) stimulate the caudal (back part of the) foot. Constantly soft arenas or lush paddocks don’t.
Nutrition: Forage-first, controlled NSC, and robust copper/zinc provision (often low in hay/soil) to improve horn quality.
Trim frequency: Four to five-week cycles (sometimes shorter) to manage leverage and flares.
Boot strategy: Know the competition rules; use well-fitted boots for conditioning, hacking, rehab, or endurance competition.

WHEN NOT TO PULL THE SHOES (YET)

You need studs for your discipline/surface.
Thin soles (<8–10 mm), pedal bone close to the ground, or chronic solar pain.
Significant conformational deviations or pathology that currently depend on mechanical shoeing (e.g., sheared heels, collateral ligament strain requiring rails, advanced navicular disease needing wedged support).
Owner logistics don’t allow short trim cycles, surface modification, or a slower reconditioning plan.
High wear rates (e.g., trotting on asphalt regularly) exceed growth capacity.

WHAT FARRIERS, VETS, AND RIDERS COMMONLY AGREE ON

There is no single ‘best’ model. The right answer is horse-, job-, and surface-specific.
Short cycles, balance, and mechanics matter more than ideology.
Poorly managed barefoot is as harmful as poorly managed shoeing.
Measure, don’t guess: Sole depth, palmar angle, digital cushion, medio-lateral balance, landing pattern (video/slow-motion), and force plate/pressure data should be used where available.
Nutrition and environment underpin hoof quality regardless of approach.
Boots and composites (glue-ons, cuff shoes, urethane) are expanding the grey area between ‘shod’ and ‘barefoot.’ They are worth looking into.

A DECISION FRAMEWORK
Ask these questions with your farrier and vet:

Workload and surface: Does your sport/venue require studs or heavy concussion protection?
Foot morphology: What is the sole depth, digital cushion quality, and heel integrity right now?
Pathology: Are we trying to treat or manage a mechanical problem where a shoe is giving us leverage/control?
Owner capacity: Can you commit to short trim cycles, turnout surfaces, and a transition plan?
Rules: Are hoof boots or composites legal in your sport?
Risk tolerance: Can you afford a temporary dip in performance during the transition?

Your answer may be: ‘Stay shod but improve mechanics and cycles,’ ‘Go barefoot behind only,’ ‘Transition fully barefoot in the off-season,’ or ‘Use composites/boots as a hybrid.’ All are valid if they serve the horse.

Q: Can a top-level jumper/eventer go barefoot?
A: Sometimes, but traction requirements (studs) make full barefoot uncommon. Some compete bare behind or use composite/glue-on solutions.
Q: Is barefoot always better for the caudal hoof?
A: Often, if the environment stimulates it and the trim is correct, it is better for the caudal hoof. But shoes with careful mechanics (e.g., frog support pads, wide webs) can also develop the caudal hoof.
Q: Are glue-on/composite shoes a compromise?
A: Yes, and a good one for many. They reduce nail damage, can flex with the foot, and allow creative mechanics, but still protect soles and accept studs in some formats.

TAKE-HOME MESSAGE
The ‘barefoot vs. shod’ question isn’t moral; it’s mechanical, biological, and practical. Some sporthorses thrive barefoot. Others quite literally need shoes to do their jobs humanely and safely. The best hoof-care decisions are evidence-informed, team-based, and made for the individual horse you have, not the philosophy you prefer.
Measure the foot. Respect the workload. Feed the hoof. Control the leverage. Then choose – and re-choose – as your horse, surfaces, and goals evolve.

Time to pause

When was the last time you stood quietly with your horse - no halter, no agenda, no goal?
In a sport full of schedules, scores, and structure, it’s easy to forget that presence is powerful too. Horses notice everything: your breath, your heartbeat, your body language. And when you slow down and meet them in stillness, something remarkable happens - tension melts, connection deepens, and the partnership strengthens.

YOUR EQUESTRIAN QUESTIONS ANSWERED

Front feet typically bear more weight, so most riders shoe in front first, especially if the horse is in regular work on hard or abrasive surfaces. That said, some horses grow incredibly strong hooves and cope barefoot up front with no issue. So, shoeing behind and going barefoot in front is slightly less common but can be suitable in certain cases, such as if a horse has hock issues and needs extra grip behind or if the front feet are unusually robust.
Work closely with your farrier and monitor wear patterns, hoof growth, and overall comfort to make the best decision for your horse’s long-term soundness.

A breastplate, on the other hand, is used to keep the saddle from slipping back, particularly on horses with flat shoulders or during fast work, jumping, or hacking on steep terrain. If you have a combined breastplate with a martingale attachment, you're addressing both saddle security and head carriage. However, if your horse doesn’t need the martingale function, a plain breastplate or breastgirth may be all that’s needed. Fit and purpose should guide your choice.

STANDING VS RUNNING MARTINGALE
A standing martingale consists of a strap that runs from the girth, between the horse’s front legs, and attaches to the noseband (usually a cavesson, not a drop or flash). It is a fixed-length device that applies pressure to the nose when the horse raises his head beyond a certain point. Because it doesn't allow the rider to adjust the pressure directly, it can create a sudden, rigid restriction if the horse throws his head up quickly. As such, it is generally considered more severe and is banned in many jumping and eventing disciplines beyond lower levels. It is often used in show hunters or polo.
A running martingale, by contrast, is more adjustable and allows for more subtle rider control. It also attaches to the girth, splits into two straps with rings at the end, and the reins pass through these rings. This design creates a downward action on the reins only when the horse raises his head too high. Because it works through the bit and rein, the rider can release pressure quickly, and it doesn’t act unless needed. Running martingales are more commonly accepted in showjumping, eventing, and everyday schooling due to their flexibility and reduced risk of harsh action when fitted correctly.

The first step is ruling out pain: if your horse’s reaction is extreme, a vet or physio should assess him for skin sensitivity, muscle pain, or neurological issues. If he's physically fine, approach desensitisation gradually.
Break the process into small, reward-based steps, rewarding with treats and scratches whenever you make a small step forward. Start by introducing the clippers turned off, then buzzing nearby, then lightly touching him in non-sensitive areas, each time offering a treat or scratches for signs of relaxation or acceptance. Keep the sessions short and calm. It can also help to use cordless, quieter clippers. Some horses benefit from earplugs or sedation for full-body clips, especially if they’ve been traumatised before. Over time, positive reinforcement and predictability can retrain even the most clip-shy horse.

A thorough check by your vet, physio, dentist and saddle fitter is a good starting point, especially if the refusals are new or escalating.
If pain is ruled out, look at training and rider confidence. Have you recently raised the height, changed footing, or had a fall? Horses are sensitive to our emotions, and even small inconsistencies in approach or balance can lead to refusals. Consider taking a step back to rebuild trust over smaller fences and ensure you're giving your horse clear, confident aids.
Sometimes, a short break from jumping followed by positive reintroduction helps reset both horse and rider mindset.

Clipped horses do lose their natural insulation and generally need rugs in colder weather, but some fine-coated, older, or underweight unclipped horses may also benefit from rugs for comfort and condition maintenance.
Conversely, some native or robust breeds - even when partially clipped - may be perfectly happy unrugged in mild climates if they have shelter and are well-fed. Over-rugging can cause sweating, overheating, and skin issues. The key is to check your horse regularly, feel under the rug (behind the withers is a good spot), and adapt to weather, workload, and coat condition. Rugging is a management choice, not a rule.

SOUTH AFRICA’S PREMIER EQUESTRIAN MAGAZINE

DIGITAL ISSUE 171C | 2025

Lizzie and the HQ team xxx

DIGITAL ISSUE 171C | 2025

CONTENTS

TEST DRIVE:

TEST DRIVE: Discovery D350

The listening rider

Bold, bright and brave

Meet Amazeballs Equestrian

Respect the horse, listen to the horse, learn from the horse.

Underneath the girth

Does shape, material,or elasticity matter?

Feed the microbiome

Girth fitting guide

Don’t just ride, observe

Bridles, bits and biomechanics

Rethinking what’s ‘normal’

It’s what you learn after you know it all that counts.

Three ways to check your saddle fit today

HQ guide to bridle types

CHOOSING THE RIGHT FIT FOR COMFORT AND FUNCTION

Thought starter: Let them be young

Dressage double bridles

TRADITION, TECHNIQUE, AND ETHICS

It’s not about making the horse do something. It’s about allowing the horse to do something.

FEEDING THE MODERN SPORTHORSE

ARE WE GETTING IT RIGHT?

Beyond the feed bag

HOW TURNOUT, STRESS AND ROUTINE AFFECT DIGESTION

What’s in a walk?

Intriguing ingredients

Spirulina

Test your track

SOLE DEEP

What we know about sole thickness and soundness

The horse is never wrong.

Shoeing vs. barefoot in the sporthorse

WHAT DOES THE SCIENCE SAY

Time to pause

YOUR EQUESTRIAN QUESTIONS ANSWERED

Is it okay to keep my horse barefoot in front and shod behind for competing?

What’s the difference between a martingale and a breastplate? Do I need both?

My horse hates being clipped. He kicks out and often sweats a lot. What can I do?

My horse has started refusing jumps he used to pop over easily. What could be going on?

I’ve heard you should only rug a horse if they’re clipped. Is that true?

HQ Newsletter

Lizzie and
the HQ team xxx

Bold, bright
and brave

HQ guide to
bridle types